Dwarf studies

In both studies the apples were grown in the biodynamic orchard Boomgaard ter Linde in the south-western part of the Netherlands. We used full grown apple trees of the Dutch variety Elstar on dwarf rootstock M9,2460 trees/ha, grown on limey humus sea loam with trickle irrigation. The experiment was replicated four times. 

Fig. 2. Left, middle and right panel run of the [C/Fe], [N/Fe] and carbon isotopic ratios with absolute magnitude. Filled triangles, circles and squares are dwarfs/subgiants in NGC 6397, NGC 6752 and 47 Tuc, respectively ([7]). Open symbols are RGB stars in the same clusters, from a number of literature studies (see [7] for references). Crosses are the field stars from [4].

A weak but useful carbon line [Cl] 8727.13 A disappears in halo dwarfs with metallicities below —1. To measure carbon abundance in halo stars one can use four Cl high excitation lines near 9100 A and the CH band at 4300 A. The Cl lines at 9100 A together with the OI triplet at 7771 A have been used by Tomkin et al. (1992) and Akerman et al. (2004) to study the behaviour of C/O versus metallicity. However, Cl and OI lines employed in these papers are sensitive to a non-LTE effects and one has to bare in mind that this sensitivity is different for C and O. The CH band at 3145 A used by Israelian et al. (1999) is almost saturated in disk stars and several blends makes the abundance analysis less accurate. To ensure a homogeneous analysis of the C/O and N/O ratio from NH,CH and OH lines in the near-UV, we used the same model atmospheres and tools as in our previous studies. The oxygen abundances were compiled from Israelian et al. (1998, 2001) and Boesgaard et al. (1999). 

Abstract. We examine outstanding issues in the analysis and interpretation of the halo Li plateau. We show that the majority of very Li-poor halo Li-plateau stars (5 out of 8) have high projected rotation velocities usim between 4.7 and 10.4 km s 1. Such stars have very different evolutionary histories to Li-normal plateau stars, and hence cannot be included in studies of Li depletion by normal halo dwarfs. Uncertainties in the effective temperature scale for metal-poor stars continue to challenge the analysis of Li. 

The Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph) is currently disrupting under the strain of the Milky Way (MW) tidal field. The study of the Sgr chemical composition allows us to study at the same time the star formation history of a dwarf galaxy and the relevance of the hierarchical merging process for the formation of large galaxies such as the MW. 

The results of the differential study are presented in table 1. Similarly as found by [3] for dwarf and subgiant stars, 3D model atmospheres of metal-poor red giants appear to be significantly cooler at the surface than their ID counterparts. Consequently, at a given abundance, the populations of neutral atoms and molecules (e.g. Fe I, Ca I, OH) in these upper layers tend to be enhanced in 3D models comparing to ID, leading to negative abundance corrections. 

A related analysis is the study of dwarf galaxies by Dekel and Silk (1986), who note the existence of two sequences of dwarf galaxies in the Lundamental Plane... 

In the early thirties of the last century Baade and Zwicky conjectured in their studies of supernova explosions that supemovae represent a transition from ordinary stars to compact objects, whose size is an order of magnitude smaller than the size of a white dwarf. At that time it was already known that the atomic nucleus consists of neutrons and it was clear that the density of the remnant objects must be of the same order as the nuclear density. Baade and Zwicky predicted that a supernova explosions will result in objects composed of closely packed neutrons (neutron stars). Prior to the beginning of the second World War (1939) a number of theoretical works by Landau, Oppenheimer, Volkoff and Snider showed, that indeed objects could exist with sizes about 10 km and masses about a solar mass. The density in these objects is about the nuclear saturation density and they basically consist of neutrons with a small amount of protons and electrons. The studies of neutron stars were subsequently stopped most likely due to the engagement of the nuclear scientists in the development of the nuclear bomb both in the West and the East. 

The study of atoms and molecules in external fields is a fascinating area of research that has attracted much attention from different areas of science and engineering. Following the influential work of Loudon in 1959, in which he performed the quantum mechanical analysis of the behavior of a one-dimensional hydrogen atom in various Coulomb potentials [1], many studies have been carried out to understand the physics of excitons (hydrogen-like electron-hole pair) and some related systems [2-5]. The discovery of neutron stars and white dwarf stars further motivated rapid development of this field since it stimulated the interest of studying the variation of electronic structure and behavior of atomic and... 

Higher concentrations of ozone in the forested areas of the eastern United States would undoubtedly cause greater injury to eastern white pine and other forest species. Chapter 11 reports additional studies that suggested that other conifer species, in particular Virginia pine and jack pine, may be more sensitive to ozone than eastern white pine. In addition, there is a synergistic interaction between low concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that is the cause of the chlorotic dwarf disease... 

However, the evidence relating pharmaceutical spending and health outcomes seems overwhelming. International studies, national studies, and disease-specific analyses indicate that pharmaceutical products have been a worthwhile investment over the last half century. With rates of return exceeding 10 to 1 based on measures of increased life expectancy alone, pharmaceutical products have successfully improved health outcomes in developed countries at a cost dwarfed by the value of increased longevity. 

Congenital anomalies and tumours can be studied in the offspring of exposed male rodents mated to untreated females. The pups are examined the day before term, as opposed to mid-term, as in the conventional study (Knudsen et al., 1977). At this stage, congenital anomalies can be detected and documented, including hydrocephaly, exencephaly, cleft palate, open eye, runts (dwarfs), oedema, anasarca... 

Collision-induced absorption spectra are also of considerable interest for studies of the atmospheres of late stars [241, 307, 112] certain white dwarfs [366, 300, 239, 240] low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, certain cool white dwarfs [240] and the hypothetical population III stars [306, 372],... 

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