Durians

The range in fatty acid composition of the aril from four durian clones is given in Table 5.13. The oil is composed primarily of palmitic and oleic acids with a high linolenic acid content when compared to most fruit coat fats. The fat content of the wet aril ranged from 3.8 to 5.2% (Berry, 

The seed on a wet basis contained 0.5% fat. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil is given in Table 5.13. The seed oil contained an undesirable amount of cyclopropene fatty acids which are not completely removed by cooking. These compounds have been reported to produce skin irritation and shortness of breath. It has been suggested that these seed should not be consumed in large quantities (Berry, 1980). 

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Foam rheology has been a challenging area of research of interest for the yield behavior and stick-slip flow behavior (see the review by Kraynik [229]). Recent studies by Durian and co-workers combine simulations [230] and a dynamic light scattering technique suited to turbid systems [231], diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS), to characterize coarsening and shear-induced rearrangements in foams. The dynamics follow stick-slip behavior similar to that found in earthquake faults and friction (see Section XU-2D). 

Leontowicz M, Leontowicz H, Jastrzebski Z, Jesion I, Haruenkit R, Poovarodom S, Katrich E, Tashma Z, Drzewiecki J, Trakhtenberg S and Gorinstein S. 2007. The nutritional and metabolic indices in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets supplemented with durian at different stages of ripening. BioFactors 29(2-3) 123-136. 

Durian is one of the most commercially important fresh fruits in S.E. Asia, yet sorting immature from mature fruit by external measures is very difficult, so it is a prime candidate for non-invasive methods. Yantarasri and co-workers have sought correlations between soluble solids and sensory estimates of maturity with X-ray CT and NIRS measurements with moderate success but more recently they observed that MRI spin-echo image contrast at 0.5 T varied with the degree of maturity. Unfortunately no attempt was made to quantify relaxation time changes or separate oil-water peaks. However it was suggested that the contrast differences indicated signihcantly lower oil content in unripe durian compared to the ripe and overripe fruit. 

Watercore in durian is usually associated with a bitter taste and unacceptable fruit quality so the ability of MRI to detect this condition is significant. The watercore disorder shows up as a bright region of increased free water near the central core of the fruit " not a dissimilar observation to that of Wang and co-workers with watercore in apples. 

Douglas J. Durian UCLA David A. Weitz Exxon Research Engineering Company... 

Found chiefly in the American tropics, this family is the source of kapok, balsa wood, some ornamental trees, and the popular Asian fruit, durian. 

Yantarasri et al (2000) observed significant differences between durian fruit of 50% maturity (CT number —70.59) and durian fruit of 80% maturity (CT number —45.18). The CT number computed from the image intensity showed an increasing trend with the increase in maturity according to a polynomial relationship with R2 = 0.99. Brecht et al. (1991) reported similar results in tomato in which X-ray CT images showed intense signal in the gel tissue of fully mature tomatoes that appeared brighter than that of immature fruit. Suzuki et al. (1994) reported CT number referred to unripened papaya lower than that of the ripened ones. 

Yantarasri, T., Kalayanamitra, K., Saranwong, S., and Somsrivichai, J. 2000. Evaluation of the maturity index for durian fruit by various destructive and non-destructive techniques. Quality assurance in agricultural produce. In ACIAR Proceedings (G.I. Johnson, Fe Van To, Nguyen Duy Due, and M.C. Webb, eds), pp. 700-705. 

Dimethyl-1,2,4- Durio zibethinus (durian) (Bombacaceae) OR-R (foul) worst... 

Using the method of multiple light scattering technique Durian et al. [12] have expressed the dependence of the average bubble diameter on time (after 20 min) in an exponential form... 

D. Durian, D.Weitz and D. Pine, J. Phys. Condes. Matter, 2 (1990) SA433. 

Many commodities traded internationally are not classified in the Codex Classification of Commodities. The portion to which MRL should be applied for international trade is not clearly defined. Since there is no international agreement on this, an arbitrary imposition of portions to which MRLs apply to reject or accept a crop is a common practice especially in developing countries. This has occurred on several occasions and has given rise to unnecessary trade dispute. These commodities should be elaborated at the international level and portions of the commodity should be clearly defined. The MRL for mango for example, is clearly defined as the whole fruit, but analysis is conducted without the seed for practical reasons. This however, is not applicable to other tropical fruits such as durian, jackfruit, lychee, duku, langsat, wax apple, rambutan, etc. 

Figure 9.27 Photograph of bubbles in aqueous foams. The foam was made by agitating an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. At the top, the foam is drier and the gas bubbles are polyhedral near the bottom the foam is wetter and the bubbles are nearly spherical. The bubble size is 3 mm, on average. (From Durian, MRS Bulletin, April 1994, reprinted with permission.)...

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