Mass applications

For recycling uses, degradable polyesters are desirable for relatively small mass applications, such as glues, thin coatings or labels, in order to facilitate the rapid cleaning of the primary structure for recycling. These applications may be rigid structures such as plastic containers or modifiers for paper products. 

During the last decade, research efforts in the field of LC-MS have changed considerably. Technological problems in interfacing appear to be solved, and a number of interfaces have been found suitable for the analysis of flavonoids. These include TSP, continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment (CF-FAB), ESI, and APCI. LC-MS is frequently used to determine the occurrence of previously identified compounds or to target the isolation of new compounds (Table 2.11). LC MS is rarely used for complete structural characterization, but it provides the molecular mass of the different constituents in a sample. Then, further structural characterization can be performed by LC-MS-MS and MS-MS analysis. In recent years, the combination of HPLC coupled simultaneously to a diode-array (UV-Vis) detector and to a mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI or APCI source has been the method of choice for the determination of flavonoid masses. Applications of LC-MS (and LC-MS-MS) in flavonoid... 

Bruel, D. 1995. Heat extraction modeling from forced fluid flow through stimulated fractures rock masses Applications to the Rosemanowes hot-dry rock reservoir. Geothermics, 24, 361-374. 

Hydrocarbons are the oldest analytes of interest for the mass application of gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors, and Sn02 is the material which has been in use for this purpose for the longest time. This is why it represents the prototype material for numerous investigations of the mechanisms that cause the change of conductivity of the metal oxide. 

Thus, there are a number of technical obstacles along the path to mass application of hydrogen fuel. To surmount them will involve serious investment and effort which will arguably take several decades. 

Cyclotron and magnetron motion. The ions move in an orbit known as the cyclotron movement. But that orbit itself turns around a centre, represented by a black dot, in a magnetron movement, responsible for a loss of resolution. The magnetron motion is the more important, the larger the ion, and thus causes mainly loss of resolution at higher masses. Application of a quadrupolar RF field allows this magnetron movement to be suppressed. 

Modeling of scenarios of potential terrorist attacks, forecast of their radiation consequences and protection of nuclear- and radiation-hazardous facilities against such threats is a many-sided challenge varying from the risk of local incidents to that of provoking a new world war with mass application of strategic nuclear armaments. 

Orthogonal extraction, improvements in TOF/MS resolution, and improvements in electronics have created a new application for TOF/MS in accurate mass measurements [70,71]. Accurate mass applications have traditionally been associated with high-resolution magnetic sector and FTMS systems. The ability to provide accurate mass measurements (+5 ppm) with more cost-effective instrumentation has created potential opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry. Such applications can offer improved selectivity for single-stage instrumentation and metabolite or impurity/degradation product identification, particularly when standard compounds are not available, such as in early drug discovery. 

The two extreme cases are zeolite (the smallest pore size) and diatomaceous earth (the largest volume of pores). Zeolites are manufactured with predesigned pore sizes to match the sizes of molecules which can fit into these pores and become absorbed into the pore area. Applications for zeolites include moisture scavenging and selective absorption of various chemical components of mixtures. Diatomaceous earth at the other end of the scale is not selective at all. The large number of pores allows it to absorb 190-600% of its own mass. Applications include absorption of liquids and regulation of rheological properties. The mechanism of rheological control is simple. When the liquid and diatomaceous earth is... 

There has been substantial success in the development of ionization procedures that can be applied to compounds of high molecular mass. Application of procedures such as MALDI MS has revealed the existence of high-molecular-mass PAHs and azaarenes (Herod 1998), and has achieved spectacular mechanistic insight into interaction between PAH metabolites and polynucleotides (Ramanathan and Gross 1998). Application of this procedure seems likely to provide new insights into the association between xenobiotics and macromolecules. 

The second approach to reduce the system costs is directed towards the substrates. Mass application can be facilitated by microreplication of DFB gratings [101]. It has been shown that it is possible to fabricate all plastic sub-... 

Mass application, either by batch addition, continuous addition, or a mixture of the... 

The story of the development of automotive exhaust conversion catalysts is at once a simple and complex one. The major challenge is to keep it simple while remaining true to the complex interplay of technological achievements with political ideals and geographic, demographic, economic, and bureaucratic realities which culminated in the successful mass application of catalysts to the control of automotive exhaust pollution. 

The development of mass applications now requires large amounts of advanced high performance ceramics powder presenting a higher reactivity and a better phase purity. 

The parameters of interest in body composition analysis (bioelectric impedance analysis, BIA) are (a) TBW, (b) extracellular/intracellular fluid balance, (c) muscle mass, and (d) fat mass. Application areas are as diversified as sports, medicine, nutrition, and fluid balance in renal dialysis and transplantations. 

In other words people are not aware of modern polarography and voltammetry. High sensitivity, simplicity, broad application, low cost are qualities of particular value in environmental analysis, which envolves mass applications of instrumental techniques and large numbers of monitoring stations and a widespread network. 

Orion Research Inc. (Cambridge, Mass.) Applications Bulletin No. 5A (1969). 

Mass market applications of SMP are foils for packaging and tubes for cables. When being heated these materials shrink and are able to adapt to virtually any shape, providing mechanical protection and insulation. Further examples for different fields of applications are illustrated in Fig. 3. Another early technical application of SMP was a choke system in automobile engines, which was applied before electronic fuel injection became affordable for mass application. Other technical... 

Especially for mass applications such as automotive, a full life cycle assessment (LCA) is absolutely critical. Since there are a lot of embedded resources such as noble metal catalysts and energy for manufacturing fuel cells, LCA very much depends on aspects such as recyclability and lifetime. For the operation period itself, cost, performance, and durability issues are important. But a complete picture must also consider aspects of specific applications including how they are connected in future energy scenarios. 

Besides pure platinum-based catalysts, a variety of replacements for platinum, the traditional catalyst metal, have been investigated for mass applications requiring a much lower final system price (compared to the DoE estimates noted above). The research is mainly focused on two aspects, either a reduction of the platinum content or platinum-free compounds based either on substitute noble metals (which might, unfortunately, not necessarily reduce the price framework) or alloyed transitional metals. The main criterion, next to the price, is the long-term stability of the new materials and the synthesis of these compounds. The synthesis should include a fast, efficient reaction scheme avoiding multi-step reactions as well as polluting solvents that, in the end, increase processing costs. 

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