Duplication With Comparison

Hardware based techniques can be based on duplication with comparison, ED AC codes to protect registers and some other logical parity techniques to protect the logic. But all of them have some limitation on fault detection coverage. Without duplicating the whole processor, hardware-based techniques cannot achieve full... 

The Production Department was not amused, because lower values had been expected. Quality Control was blamed for using an insensitive, unse-lective, and imprecise test, and thereby unnecessarily frightening top management. This outcome had been anticipated, and a better method, namely polarography, was already being set up. The same samples were run, this time in duplicate, with much the same results. A relative confidence interval of 25% was assumed. Because of increased specificity, there were now less doubts as to the amounts of this particular heavy metal that were actually present. To rule out artifacts, the four samples were sent to outside laboratories to do repeat tests with different methods X-ray fluorescence (XRFi °) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The confidence limits were determined to be 10% resp. 3%. Figure 4.23 summarizes the results. Because each method has its own specificity pattern, and is subject to intrinsic artifacts, a direct statistical comparison cannot be performed without first correcting the apparent concentrations in order to obtain presumably true... 

Within the frame of this work we have dealt primarily both with quantum chemical calculations on van der Waals (vdW) molecules and with comparison of calculated characteristics with experimental data. In a few cases reference is made to papers in which important experimental characteristics have recently been obtained, which we feel may be of interest to theoreticians. An attempt was made to avoid duplicities and therefore sometimes even very important papers, when easily accessible, are referred to only briefly. 

Figure Bl.9.9. Comparison of the distance distribution fiinction p(r) of a RNA-polymerase core enzyme from the experimental data (open circle) and the simulation data (using two different models). This figure is duplicated from [27], with pennission from Elsevier Science.

The Excel spreadsheet is constructed so that on page one, the referenced properties are listed in Column C, and the same with conversion factors to SI units in Column D. Conversion formulas and values calculated in SI Units are in Column E. Column F is a duplicate of Column E, and this can be used for additional calculation by changing to other conditions or to an entirely new case. It is recommended toleave Column E alone for a comparison case and to copy Column F to another page to execute calculations. 

Drabek et al. [803] applied potentiometric stripping analysis to the determination of lead, cadmium, and zinc in seawater. The precision was evaluated by several duplicate determinations and was found to be in the range 5-16% relative, depending on the concentration level. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparison with other conventional methods, e.g., AAS and ASV, and good agreement between the methods was found. 

The criterion employed for a positive response in this assay is a reproducible statistically significant increase in mutation frequency (weighted mean for duplicate treated cultures) over the concurrent vehicle control value (weighted mean for four independent control cultures). Ideally, the response should show evidence of a dose-response relationship. When a small isolated significant increase in mutation frequency is observed in only one of the two duplicate experiments, then a third test should be carried out. If the third test shows no significant effects, the initial increase is likely to be a chance result. In cases where an apparent treatment-related increase is thought to be a result of unusually low variability or a low control frequency, comparison with the laboratory historical control frequency may be justified. 

Once the Tet-repressor clone has been obtained, it is helpful to compare its proliferation rate with the parental cell line to ensure a comparable duplication time. This will allow for a reliable comparison of data to that obtained from already performed drug treatments on the parental line or for the compliance with standardized protocols. 

It must also be said that the tests were typical of real-world conditions with storms and other factors spreading the chemicals around in the test site. Therefore, the comparisons were difficult to scientifically duplicate, and the conclusion we made was only supported by percentage calculations. None of these were 90% or above. More like 65% for Fido and 35% for the dogs on specific mines in the test. 

Requirements for Analysis No formal analysis of adequate flexibility is required in systems which (1) are duplicates of successfully operating installations or replacements without significant change of systems with a satisfactory service record (2) can readily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed systems or (3) are of uniform size, have no more than two points of fixation, have no intermediate restraints, and fall within the limitations of empirical Eq. (10-100) ... 

The results of the experiments in which solutions of Fe(III) (OH) (RS)2-2 were injected into air-saturated buffers are presented in Table II, with results of duplicate runs with air-free buffers. The figures in the fifth column show the values of absorbance expected in the mixed solutions if no bleaching had occurred in the stock Fe(III) (OH) (RS)2-2 solution prior to mixing. Comparison of these absorbances with the extrapolated zero time values in the air-free blanks gives a measure of the relative amounts of ferrous and ferric iron present at the time of mixing (Table II). 

For the system Hs NBr-ethanol-water at x = 0.305, the actual k and R.A.A.D. values observed were 1.07 0.03 and 3.5, respectively however, the shape of the smoothed line passing through the points almost duplicated that for the system with the same components at x = 0.316. (Compare Figures 8 and 9.) This provided a means to obtain values of k and R.A.A.D. for the system at x = 0.305 (see Table XVIII) that could be used for comparison with the other systems. This procedure was necessary only for the Hs NBr-ethanol-water system since it is impossible to conceive of linear plots of log as/ a vs. z for this system (Figures 7, 8, 9). The problem could have been avoided by carrying out the measurements to a higher concentration of salt for the system at x = 0.305 (see footnote to Table XVIII). 

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