Dry basis

Fig. 7. Moisture regains of cellulose acetate (A) and triacetate (T) fibers. Moisture content on a bone-dry basis, measured at 22°C (—...

The prices for acid-grade fluorspar dry basis from Mexico and the RepubHc of South Africa for 1993 were Mexican spar, fob Tampico,... 

Pa.rticula.te Emission Limits. Particulate emissions, including condensables, must be demonstrated during the bum to be on a dry basis less than 0.18 g/m (0.08 grain per dry standard cubic foot (gr/DSCF)) at the iaciaerator s stack, or lower depending on state regulations. 

Products of Incomplete Combustion Emission Limits. Products of iacomplete combustion typically are not directly measured duting the trial bum. Instead, levels of carbon monoxide (qv) emissions are used as an iadication of combustion efficiency. High combustion efficiencies are assumed to result ia acceptable levels of products of incomplete combustion. If carbon monoxide emissions are measured at less than 100 ppmv dry basis, the standard is met. However, if emissions are greater than 100 ppmv, no more than 20 ppmv of total hydrocarbons (qv) are allowed at the iaciaerator stack duting the trial bum. 

Operating parameters of this German plant, on the basis of one cubic meter of raw gas, iaclude 0.139 m O2, 0.9 kg briquettes, 1.15 kg steam, 1.10 kg feed water, 0.016 kWh, and 1.30 kg gas Hquor produced. Gasifier output is 1850 m /h and gas yield is 1465 m /t dry, ash-free coal. The coal briquettes have a 19% moisture content, 7.8% ash content (dry basis), and ash melting poiat of 1270°C. Thermal efficiency of the gas production process is about 60%, limited by the quaHty and ash melting characteristics of the coal. Overall efficiency from raw coal to finished products is less than 50%. 

Table 4. Chemical Composition of Important Manganese Ores, wt % Dry Basis ...

Table 8. Specifications of Metallurgical-Grade Manganese Ore, wt %, Dry Basis ...

Type of ink Diy Flushed Resin bonded" Solvent dispersion (dry basis) Chip Presscake Total... 

Unrefined bauxite [1318-16-7] is also used as a precursor to low cost activated alumina because bauxites can contain as much as 90% gibbsite (dry basis). These materials represent the low cost, low performance end of the activated alumina spectmm of products, but they are stiU used in significant quantities. 

Price basis, 1960—1970 bulk, cadots, works, freight equalized 1980—1984 bags, cadots, works, freight equalized, as 17% AI2O2. Prices basis, 1970 dry basis 1975—1984 tanks, Northeast, works, freight equalized, as 17% Al O. ... 

Dry basis natural mbber compound recipe, in part by wt high ammonia natural latex mbber concentrate, 100.0 potassium hydroxide, 0.5 Nacconal 90F (alkylarenesulfonate (AHied Chemical Co.)), 1.0 zinc oxide, 3.0 sulfur, 1.0 ZMBT, 1.0 zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZEDC) (trade names Ethazate (Uniroyal, Inc.), Ethyl Zimate (R. T. Vanderbilt), 0.3 antioxidant, as indicated. Wet-basis natural mbber compound recipe, in parts by wt natural latex (NC 356), 167.9 potassium hydroxide, 2.5 Nacconal 90F, 5.0 zinc oxide, 5.45 sulfur, 1.65 ZMBT, 2.0 ZEDC, 2.0 antioxidant, as indicated. AH films poured from freshly mixed compounds, dried overnight in place, then lifted and dried 1 h in air at 50°C before curing. 

Compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 2. All except soybeans have a high content of seed coat or hull. Because of the high hull content, the cmde fiber content of the other oilseeds is also high. Confectionery varieties of sunflower seed may contain up to 28% cmde fiber on a dry basis (8). Soybeans differ from the other oilseeds in their high protein and low oil content. AH these oilseeds, however, yield high protein meals when dehuUed and defatted. 

Dextrose yield, however, can be increased by conducting saccharification at a lower soHds level where the reverse reaction is minimized. Eor instance, dextrose yields of 98.8, 98.2, 97.5, and 96.9% dry basis can be achieved at soHds levels of 10, 15, 20, and 25%, respectively (10). Low soHds operation, however, is not used commercially owing to problems associated with microbial contamination and cost of water removal. Dextrose level can be increased by 0.5—1.5% at normal reaction soHds by using an enzyme such as puUulanase (11) or a B. megaterium amylase (12) in conjunction with... 

Fig. 2. Production of crystalline dextrose (7), where ds is dry substance db, dry basis Dg, D-glucose and CPY, crystal-phase yield.

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fmit sugar) is the main sugar in many fmits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jemsalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandeHons, and is Hberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

HES is produced from 93—96% dextrose hydrolyzate that has been clarified, carbon-treated, ion-exchanged, and evaporated to 40—50% dry basis. Magnesium is added at a level of 0.5—5 mAf as a cofactor to maintain isomerase stabiUty and to prevent enzyme inhibition by trace amounts of residual calcium. The feed may also be deaerated or treated with sodium bisulfite at a level of 1—2-mAf SO2 to prevent oxidation of the enzyme and a resulting loss in activity. 

Uses. High fmctose symp is used as a partial or complete replacement for sucrose or invert sugar in food appHcations to provide sweetness, flavor enhancement, fermentables, or humectant properties. It is used in beverages, baking, confections, processed foods, dairy products, and other apphcations. Worldwide HES production in the 1994—1995 fiscal year was estimated at about 8.6 x 10 t (dry basis) (18). About 75% of total world production is in the United States. 

Economic Aspects. Prices of com symp since 1975 are hsted in Table 3. Production capacity, demand, and com prices affect com symp price. U.S. symp production for the 1994—1995 fiscal year was estimated at 2.9 x 10 t (dry basis) (15). 

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