Drugs morphine

In their study of branched PSA, Maniar et al. (1990) found that the molecular architecture of branched polymers affects the release kinetics in a variety of ways. They found that the branched polymers degraded faster than linear PSA of comparable molecular weight (Maniar et al., 1990). They also noted that drug (morphine) release profiles were more characteristic of bulk erosion than surface erosion An initial lag time during which very little drug was released was associated with the time required for water to swell the polymer. This was followed by a period of relatively fast release, which tapered off as the device disintegrated. The polymer matrix lost its mechanical integrity before the release experiment was complete (Maniar et al., 1990). Despite the increase... 

The chemical structures and biological activities of hundreds of opioid analgesics derived from the prototype opioid drug morphine are most comprehensively described in two books published in 1986, one entitled Opioid Analgesics, Chemistry and Receptors by Casy and Parfitt [1] and the other entitled Opiates by Lenz et al. [2]. Follow-up articles include those by Casy in 1989, entitled Opioid Receptors and their Ligands Recent Developments [3] which also includes sections on opioid peptides, affinity labelling and opioid receptor subtypes Rees and Hunter in 1990 [4] covering the... 

Pharmacokinetics Variably absorbed from the GI tract. Protein binding low. Metabolized in liver. Primarily excreted in urine as morphineglucuronide con j ugates and unchanged drug—morphine, codeine, papaverine, etc. Unknown if removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 2-3 hr. 

Heroin is a Schedule I drug morphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxycodone are Schedule II drugs codeine plus aspirin or acetaminophen is Schedule III propoxyphene is Schedule IV and codeine sold over the counter is Schedule V. 

These are the most commonly used drugs. Morphine (10-15 mg IM), pethidine (50-100 mg IM) are frequently used drugs for their sedative and analgesic property. They reduce the anxiety and apprehension, produce pre- and postoperative analgesia, help in smooth induction. They also reduce... 

Among the compounds that fall within this class are hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin), oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin—an oral, controlled-release form of the drug), morphine, fentanyl, codeine, and related medications. Morphine and fentanyl are often used to alleviate severe pain, while codeine is used for milder pain. Other examples of opioids prescribed to relieve pain include propoxyphene (Darvon) hydromorphone (Dilaudid) and meperidine (Demerol), which is used less often because of its side effects. In addition to their effective pain-relieving properties, some of these medications can be used to relieve severe diarrhea (for example, Lomotil, also known as diphenoxylate) or severe coughs (codeine). 

Meanwhile, opium had been joined by other narcotics. Back in 1805 a German pharmacist s assistant had discovered how to isolate its main ingredient, morphine. A preparation of morphine is about 10 times as potent as raw opium. In 1832, another morphine derivative called codeine was isolated. By the 1850s, a more effective way to administer these powerful narcotics was developed—the hypodermic needle. During the American Civil War, battlefield surgeons had one effective way to relieve the pain of a shattered limb or punctured lung—an injection of morphine. Soldiers who survived their wounds after this treatment often became addicted to the drug. Morphine addiction was thus sometimes referred to as the soldier s disease. ... 

Morphine is available by prescription in many forms. It can be taken orally as a liquid or as pills, and by injection under the skin, into the veins, or into the space surrounding the spinal cord. Rectal suppositories for pain control provide longer-lasting relief with less potential for nausea. As an abused drug, morphine can be smoked and sniffed as well as swallowed. 

Which of the following is credited with isolating the first pure drug (morphine) a Friedrich Worler... 

Poppy seeds do, however, contain a substance called opium. Opium contains the drugs morphine, codeine, and heroin, collectively known as opiates. 

Khan, M.Z.I. Recent trends and progress in sustained or controlled oral delivery of some water soluble drugs morphine salts, diltiazem and captopril. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 1995, 21 (9), 1037-1070. 

Treuren BC, Galletly DC, Robinson BJ, Short TG, Ure RW. The influence of the HI and H2 receptor antagonists, terfenadine and ranitidine on the hypotensive and gastric pH effects of the histamine releasing drugs, morphine and tubocurarine. Anaesthesia 1993 48(9) 758-62. 

The experimentally determined dissociation constants for the various stages of dissociation of polyprotic and zwitterionic dmgs are referred to as macroscopic values. However, it is not always easy to assign macroscopic dissociation constants to the ionisation of specific groups of the molecule, particularly when the pK values are close together, as discussed in section 3.5.4. The diprotic drug morphine has macroscopic plC, values of 8.3 and 9.5, arising from ionisation of amino and phenolic... 

CH2-CH=CH2) derivative of morphine. It is able to antagonize or neutralize most of the effects of narcotic drugs (morphine, codeine) but not those of other types of depressants. 

The opioid drugs morphine and codeine as well as the analog naloxone were conjugated to HA via two types of hydrolytically labile ester bonds and drug release kinetics from these conjugates were systematically investigated (50). 

Morphine is metabolised by glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronyltrans-ferases, mainly to one active and one inactive metabolite. The glucuronidation of morphine can be induced or inhibited by various drugs. Morphine is not significantly affected by the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. The semi-synthetic morphine analogues, hydromorphone and ox-ymorphone, are metabolised similarly. 

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