Drug, drugs from side effects

Kubinyi H. (2004) Drug discovery from side effects. In H Kubini, G Muller (eds), Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery — A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective, pp. 43-68. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 

As with all drugs, the specific side effects of the quinolones must be considered when they are chosen for treatment of bacterial infections [5]. Reactions of the gastrointestinal tract and the central neivous system are the most often observed adverse effects during therapy with quinolones. It should be underlined, however, that compared with many other antimicrobials, diarrhea is less frequently observed during quinolone treatment. Antibiotic-associated colitis has been observed rarely during quinolone therapy. Similarly, hypersensitivity reactions, as observed during therapy with penicillins and other (3-lactams, is less frequently caused by quinolones. Some other risks of quinolone therapy have been defined and must be considered if a drug from this class is chosen for treatment of bacterial infections. 

The quest for the perfect diet pill is far from over. Readers should use reputable Internet sites and other sources to keep abreast of new developments. In most cases, diet pills will only be recommended for obese individuals who fall into certain risk-based categories. All drugs have side effects the benefits must always outweigh the risks when you decide to take these pills. 

As might be expected from a nonabsorbed drug, the side effect profile of rifaximin has been shown to be excellent. Gillis and Brogden [9] summarized multiple studies in their excellent review of rifaximin. Although 963 patient experiences from 30 clinical studies were summa-... 

After marketing begins, manufacturers must report adverse effects. If a drug produces xmexpected side effects or is found to be less effective than expected, approval can be withdrawn, which happens from time to time. 

FDA) for use in humans to treat malaria because this drug is considered a safe drug with few side effects.These features prompted various scientists around the world to evaluate the potential of artemisinin (1) and derivatives to control cancer cells proliferation. This chapter reviews the recent advances on analytical methods for extraction and quantification of artemisinin (1) from A. annua. Examples of artemisinin-derivatives with antiproliferative activities are listed, describing the structure-activity relationships of 96 compounds. This knowledge is essential for future development and use of artemisinin derivatives in cancer therapy. The mechanism of action of artemisinin and derivatives on cancer cells have been well reviewed in literature and therefore is not discussed in this chapter. 

Epoxide metabolites can be generated from a variety of aromatic systems. Anticonvulsants are a class of drug whose side-effects, such as hepatic necrosis and aplastic anaemia, are thought to be mediated by chemically reactive epoxide metabolites formed by cytochrome P450 oxidation. For instance phenytoin (Figure 8.6) toxicity is correlated with oxidation and the inhibition of epoxide hydrolase [8]. 

P2-Adrenergic drugs have many side effects. These result both from their residual Pi activity and from their... 

It was previously thought that 5-FU inhibits the enzyme by classical competitive inhibition. However, it was found that 5-FU is a transition-state substrate, and it forms a covalent complex with tetrahydrofolate and the enzyme in the same way that the natural substrate does. The reaction, however, will not go to completion, since the fluoro-uridine derived from the antimetabolite remains attached to the enzyme, and the latter becomes irreversibly deactivated. Recovery can occur only through the synthesis of new enzyme. Fluorouracil is used in the treatment of breast cancer and has found limited use in some intestinal carcinomas. Unfortunately, this drug has the side effects usually associated with antimetabolites. Its prodrug, fluorocytosine (8.35, which is also an antifungal agent) is better tolerated. 

The costs associated with the treatment of a disease are categorized as direct costs and indirect costs. Those who are responsible for the payment of healthcare services are usually most interested in direct costs, or costs that are incurred directly as a result of the care of the patient s condition. These costs include hospitalization, physician visits, drugs, laboratory tests and procedures. They also include the treatment of drug-related side effects, the treatment of unfavorable drug drug interactions and the costs of switching from the current therapy to a new therapy. Direct costs may also include savings due to costs that are avoided inpatient days, outpatient visits, procedures and laboratory tests that do not occur. 

Vioxx, a drug with 1.8 billion US sales in 2003, which was specificaUy designed to target only a cox-2, has been withdrawn by Merck and Co. after it was reported that some patients had died from side effects. A few individuals sued Merck Co. for hundreds of millions of dollars— hundreds of times what Merck Co. invested in INBio. 

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