Cocaine drug dependence

Kleven, M. Woolverton, W. Schuster, C. and Seiden, L. Behavioral and neurochemical effeets of repeated or continuous exposure to cocaine. In Harris, L.S., ed. Problems of Drug Dependence, 1987. National Institute on Drug Abuse Researeh Monograph 81. DHHS Pub. No. 

Fudala P., Johnson R., Jaffe J. Outpatient comparison of buprenorphine and methadone maintenance. II. Effects of cocaine usage, retention time in study and missed clinical visits. In Harrison L., Ed. Problems of Drug Dependence. Natl. Inst. Mental Health Res. Monogr. 105 587, 1991. 

Balster RL (1992) Preclinical methods for the development of pharmacotherapies of cocaine abuse. In Harris LS (ed) Problems of drug dependence. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, pp 160-164... 

It is beheved that phenomena such as sensitization, tolerance and drug-dependence might also involve synaptic plasticity. In fact, numerous studies indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists block sensitization to amphetamine and cocaine as well as tolerance and dependence to ethanol and opioids in animal models (Trujillo and Akil 1991 Pasternak and Inturrisi 1995 Trujillo and Akil 1995 Mao 1999). Recent studies indicate that the uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists dextromethorphan, memantine and neramexane not only prevent the development of morphine tolerance, but also reverse estabhshed tolerance in the continuing presence of this opioid, prevent the expression of withdrawal symptoms in rats (Popik and Skolnick 1996 Popik and Danysz 1997 Popik and Kozela 1999 Houghton et al. 2001) and attenuate the expres-... 

The nature of the withdrawal symptoms depends upon the neurotransmitter systems which are the target of the drug. Thus cocaine and the amphetamines alleviate fatigue, cause anorexia and elevate mood withdrawal therefore results in feelings of fatigue, hyperphagia and depression. Abrupt withdrawal from the sedatives, such as barbiturates or following... 

The non-precipitated withdrawal procedure represents a first screen for possible induction of drug dependence and has been shown to be sensitive to withdrawal effects with a variety of dependence-inducing agents including amphetamines, cocaine, opioids and benzodiazepines. It therefore possesses face validity. On the other hand, it is remarkably difficult, under the conditions of the protocol described, to show signs of withdrawal after treatment with agents such as nicotine... 

Staley JK, Basile M, Wetli CV, Hearn WL, Flynn DD, Ruttenber AJ, Mash DC (1993) Differential regulation of the dopamine transporter in cocaine overdose deaths. In Harris LS (Ed), NIDA Res Monograph Proceedings of the 55 th Annual College on Problems of Drug Dependence Meeting, p. 32, Washington, D.C. 

In the second study there were 174 patients in two similar experimental groups in whom injectable rather than inhaled heroin was used (5). A response to treatment was defined as at least a 40% improvement in physical, mental, or social domains of quality of life, if not accompanied by a substantial (over 20%) increase in the use of another illicit drug, such as cocaine or amphetamines. After 12 months those who took methadone and heroin (smoked or injected) had significantly better outcomes. The incidences of adverse effects (constipation and drowsiness) were similar in all the groups. However, owing to the limitations of the study and the complex nature of drug dependence, the therapeutic outcomes could not be justifiably and solely attributed to the specific drug(s). 

Kidwell, D. A. and Blank, D. L., Mechanisms of incorporation of drugs into hair and the interpretation of hair analysis data, in NIDA Research Monograph, Cone, E. J. and Welch, M., Eds., 1994. Su, T. P, Tsai, W. J., Joseph, R., Tsao, L. L, and Cone, E. J., Cocaine binds in a sterospecific, saturable manner to hair a precaution on hair testing for forensic purposes, presented at College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Palm Beach, June 18-23,1994. 

Smith, F. P. and Kidwell, D. A., Cocaine in children s hair when they live with drug-dependent adults. Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine in Hair, presented at the Society of Forensic Toxicology Conference on Drug Testing in Hair, Tampa, FL, Oct. 29-30, 1994. To be published by National Institute on Drug Abuse. 

TCAs DRUG DEPENDENCE THERAPIES-BUPROPION 1. t risk of seizures This risk is marked in elderly people, in patients with a history of seizures, addiction to opiates/cocaine/ stimulants, and in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemics or insulin 2. t plasma concentrations of amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin and imipramine, with risk of toxic effects 1. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. TCAs lower the seizure threshold. Additive effects when combined 2. Bupropion and its metabolite hydroxybupropion inhibit CYP2D6 1. Extreme caution. The dose of bupropion should not exceed 450 mg/day (or 150 mg/day in those with severe hepatic cirrhosis) 2. Initiate therapy of these drugs at the lowest effective dose... 

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