Drug application mucosal

Additional considerations for inhalation/intranasal route acute inhalation, application site, and pulmonary sensitization studies for parenteral route acute parenteral toxicity and application site studies mucosal use application site evaluation transdeimal and topical drugs application site and phototoxicity/photoallergy evaluation. Photocarci-nogenicity is a conditional option for transdeimal and topical excipients. 

Zhang H, Zhang J, and Streisand JB (2002) Oral mucosal drug delivery Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41 661-680. 

A buccal drug delivery system is applied to a specific area on the buccal membrane. Moreover, the delivery system ean be designed to be unidirectional in drug release so that it can be protected from the loeal environment of the oral cavity. It also permits the inclusion of a permeation enhancer/protease inhibitor or pH modifier in the formulation to modulate the membrane or the tablet-mucosal environment at that particular application site. While the irritation is limited to the well-defined area, the systemic toxicity of these enhancers/inhibitors and modifiers can be reduced. The buccal mucosa is well suited for this type of modification as it is less prone to irreversible damage [9]. In the event of drug toxicity, delivery can be terminated promptly by removal of the dosage form. 

G. Other applications Neupogen may also be useful in preventing opportunistic diseases in patients infected with the human immunodehciency virus and for drug-induced agranulocytosis. The use of topical hlgrastim may be effective in reducing oral mucositis due to intensive chemotherapy. 

Song, Y., et al. 2004. Mucosal drug delivery Membranes, methodologies, and applications. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 21 195. 

The increase in vaginal fluids due to estrogens and sexual stimulations improve the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs on the contrary, a greater presence of mucus on the mucosal membrane slows down the contact between the drug and the absorptive epithelium [3]. Moreover, the vaginal fluids could remove and wash away the formulations from application and action site or cause an erratic drug distribution. Furthermore pH variation,... 

Microencapsulation Methods and Industrial Applications, edited by Simon Benita 74. Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, edited by Michael J. Rathbone... 

Excipients can influence delivery from topical and transdermal medications. The propensity of the drug to migrate from the formulation to the application surface is affected by factors such as lipophilicity of the vehicle, drug solubility in the formulation, and effects of additives on the barrier properties of the skin or mucosal surface. 

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus has been described in patients receiving foscarnet, either alone or associated with a distal renal tubular acidosis [66, 67, 68]. In fact, a recent review cited foscarnet as the second most common reported cause of drug-induced diabetes insipidus, second only to lithium [69]. In experiments using toad urinary bladders [70], serosal application of foscarnet enhanced water flow in the presence of submaximal ADH concentrations, but did not affect water transport in the absence of ADH or when maximal concentrations of ADH were used. Mucosal foscarnet did not affect water transport. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms for altered water handling by the kidneys with foscarnet. 

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