Drug acquired

Lagrutta AA, Trepakova ES, Salata JJ. The hERG channel and risk of drug-acquired arrhythmia An overview. Current Top Med Chem. 2008 8(13) 1102-1112. 

President John F. Kennedy delivers his Message to Congress Relative to Mental Illness and Mental Retardation I propose a national mental health program to assist in the inauguration of a wholly new emphasis and approach to care for the mentally ill. This approach relies primarily upon the new knowledge and new drugs acquired and developed in recent years which make it possible for most of the mentally ill to be successfully and quickly treated. . . We need a new type of health facility, one which will return mental health care to the mainstream of American medicine. . ... 

Some countries, including China, have a system of price controls that differentiates between imported and locally produced products (Bao, 2000). The Chinese system also differentiates based on drug classes basic therapeutic and preventive drugs acquired in large volumes, class 1... 

Acquired resistance has been observed by constitutive upregulation of mdr efflux pump expression due to a mutation inactivating a respective repressor or inducibly, caused by molecules transiently inactivating repressor molecules upon binding. Depending upon the substrate spectra of the respective subset of efflux pumps upregulated, a multiple drug resistance (mdr) phenotype is expressed, which in combination with a specific resistance mechanism can contribute to a clinically relevant level of resistance. 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

Microbial Resistance to Drugs. Figure 1 MlC-distribution showing the number of isolates of one species with a certain MIC. Some bacterial species are naturally resistant (intrinsic resistance) to drugs because their natural MIC is above the breakpoint. Naturally sensitive isolates as well as naturally resistant ones can acquire resistance and with that increase their MIC (acquired or secondary resistance). 

The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 was passed to encourage die development and marketing of products used to treat rare diseases. The act defines a rare disease as a condition affecting fewer than 200,000 individuals in die United States. The National Organization of Rare Disorders reports that there are more tiian 6000 rare disorders that affect approximately 25 million individuals. Examples of rare disorders include Tourette s syndrome, ovarian cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Huntington s disease, and certain forms of leukemia... 

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a pneumonia seen in those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome The mode of action of this drug is not fully understood. 

Seizure disorders are generally categorized as idiopathic or acquired. Idiopathic seizures have no known cause acquired seizure disorders have a known cause, including high fever, electrolyte imbalances, uremia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, brain tumors, and some drug withdrawal reactions. Once the cause is removed (if it can be removed), the seizures theoretically cease. 

The term generic indicates the drug is available in generic form. AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 

Samples of blood and excreta are taken for laboratory analysis. It is expected that, at the end of this phase, you will have a preliminary estimate of the maximum dose that may be safely tolerated in humans, and also a basic profile of the drug s pharmacokinetic behaviour. Depending on the availability of appropriate analytical indicators, pharmacodynamic and indicative efficacy data may also be generated. The data acquired must be carefully analysed and assessed so that, based on the findings, appropriate Phase II trials can be planned. 

Acquired disease of muscle is more common than is generally appreciated. It may result from the use of drugs—prescription or nonprescription—that have a recognized capacity to compromise the structure or function of skeletal muscle. Drugs particularly well recognized as myotoxic include clofibrate and its derivatives, anabolic steroids, penicillamine, and emetine. Many nonprescription drugs, including alcohol and laxatives, are directly or indirectly myotoxic. Other forms of acquired myopathies include the acute myopathic conditions caused by the bites of many snakes. 

Fig. 3 Stepwise development of antiviral resistance. Because of the rapid mutation rate of viruses, the virus population before treatment (a) contains variants, which display by chance a low level of resistance to the drug (indicated by the darker hue). Treatment with suboptimal levels of an antiviral drug (b) creates a bottleneck, which selects for these variants (c). These can further replicate in the presence of the drug and thereby acquire additional mutations, leading to resistant variants with enhanced replicative fitness (d)...

It can be expected that the requirement to accumulate multiple mutations to generate a resistant phenotype may translate into a relatively slow development of clinical HCMV resistance, hi addition, a mechanism that is distinct from those of the marketed drugs will offer the possibility of treating patients who have acquired resistance to these agents. 

Lanier ER, Hazen R, Ross L, Freeman A, Harvey R (2005) Lack of antagonism between abacavir, lamivudine, and tenofovir against wild-type and drug-resistant HlV-1, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 519-522... 

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