Driving force for reaction

Fe the thermodynamic driving force for reaction also decreases in the same order. 

Cell potential (E ) A measure of how far a redox reaction is from equilibrium. It is reported in units of volts. The higher the E, the greater the driving force for reaction. 

Molecules may be strained by a variety of modes of distortion that include angle bending, torsional strain, and steric interactions. In some cases, strain can provide an important driving force for reaction. However, it is not the strain in the molecule that is important, but rather the change in strain in a reaction. Even this is not sufficient because there must also be a mechanism for the conversion of a compound to a lower energy product that leads to a relatively low barrier for reaction. 

Assumes that the driving force for reactions between metals is a function of two factors a negative one, arising from the difference in chemical potential, A y of electrons associated with each metal atom, and a positive one that is the difference in the electron density, Anws, at the boundaries of Wigner-Seitz tvpe cells surrounding each atom. Values of for the metals are approximated by the electronic work functions n ws is estimated from compressibility data. The atomic concentrations in the alloy must be included in the calculation. ... 

R = Me because the initial reaction is then more complicated than expressed by equation (85). In dimeric Cr2(NR2)6, steric hindrance prevents chromium(III) from obtaining its preferred octahedral coordination this, the ligand field stabilization in Cr(NR2)4 (tetrahedral, d2), the covalency of the Cr —NR2 bond, and the polymeric structure of involatile Crn(NEt2)2 all contribute to the driving force for reaction (86). The structural changes are represented for R = Et in equation (87). 

In this last equation AF0,lntisthe standard free energy of reaction AF°f in the prevailing medium, corrected for the translational free energy loss when the oriented center, in which the electron formerly resided, disappears during the formation of product from the centered distribution on the hypersurface. This corrected AF° constitutes the driving force for reaction at the mean separation distance R ... 

An interesting route has been observed with dCMP (Schuchmann et al. 1983). The formation of the allylic radical upon elimination of phosphoric acid seems to be the driving force for reaction (281). Cyt is released in the subseqent reactions (282). The suggested mechanism has been supported by experiments in D20. 

When a reactant is gaseous or very light the driving force for reaction is lower compared with a homogeneous liquid-phase reaction at higher pressure. 

In the NH4OH slurry, most of the Cu ions are complexed by the NH,. Thus, as the total concentration of copper species in the slurry increases, the Cu ion concentration does not increase substantially. Therefore, the additional Cu ions that build up when not flowing slurry do not interfere with the dissolution of copper to Cu (as long as the Cu ion concentration does not exceed one half the NH3 concentration). In the NH4NO3 slurry, most of the copper ions remain uncomplexed and Cu ions accumulate when there is no slurry flow. As the concentration of Cu ions increases, the driving force for reaction (7.2) decreases consequently, the dissolution rate of copper decreases and the efficiency of the mechanical abrasion decreases, yielding a lower polish rate. 

The net rate of dissolution and precipitation of a given phase is a function of AG, the driving force for reaction. For example, for albite dissolution, AG is defined for the reaction... 

Just like any other chemical reactions, synthetic reactions adhere to the principles of thermodynamics the study of energy and its interconversions. Is your desired product thermodynamically stable (can it be made and will it exist at room temperature and atmosphere) Will it be stable under your given synthetic conditions, including during and after isolation Gibb s free energy, AG, is our measure of the driving force for reactions, equation (1.10). 

It is probably appropriate to link a few common concepts of a radical reaction such as radical initiators, reaction types and the driving force for reactions in the context of entropy to make the link between the physical organic and free radical chemistry even stronger. 

The driving force for reaction (9) is ammonia removal. By using an adequate catalyst such as zinc oxide, 95-98% EC selectivities based on ethylene glycol... 

The use of activated carriers illustrates two key aspects of metabolism. First, NADH, NADPH, and FADH react slowly with Oj in the absence of a catalyst. Likewise, ATP and acetyl CoA are hydrolyzed slowly (in times of many hours or even days) in the absence of a catalyst. These molecules are kinetically quite stable in the face of a large thermodynamic driving force for reaction with O2 (in regard to the electron carriers) and H O (for ATP and acetyl CoA). The kinetic stability of these molecules in the absence of specijic catalysts is essential for their biological function because it enables, enzymes to control the flow of free energy and reducing power. 

When M is a transition element, the driving force for reaction normally is the relatively strong metal-carbon bond formed. Both cr- and 7r-contributions to the bond are operative . 

Trimethylsilyl)methyl anion 328 reacts with N20 to generate Me3SiO 329 and the driving force for reaction 128 is obviously the formation of the strong silicon-oxygen bond and the conversion of the highly basic carbanion to the more stable oxide ion 330. 

Because of the highly favorable driving force for reaction 4, asRu — Fe =0 heme ET was expected to be rapid (26, 27). Hence, the asRu reductant was generated in situ using both flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis techniques, as outlined in the following sections. 

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