Driving force for

Figure 6.6 illustrates what happens to the cost of the system as the relative position of the composite curves is changed over a range of values of AT ir,. When the curves just touch, there is no driving force for heat transfer at one point in the process, which would require an... 

The driving force for migration is established by the different electrochemical potentials (AU) that exist at the two interfaces of the oxide. In other words, the electrochemical potential at the outer interface is controlled by the dominant redox species present in the electrolyte (e.g. O2). 

During pressure sintering, interiDarticle compressive stress, approximated by the externally applied stress and nonnalized by the relative density of the compact p, supplements the surface tension driving force for pore shrinkage ... 

Conjugation of the newly formed double bond with the carbonyl group stabilizes the a p unsaturated aldehyde provides the driving force for the dehydration and controls Its regioselectivity Dehydration can be effected by heating the aldol with acid or base Normally if the a p unsaturated aldehyde is the desired product all that is done is to carry out the base catalyzed aldol addition reaction at elevated temperature Under these conditions once the aldol addition product is formed it rapidly loses water to form the a p unsaturated aldehyde... 

The search for substances which quahfy for proposed applications has always been a driving force for the synthesis and characterization of new compounds. This is especially true in polymer chemistry, where it is the potential of polymers as engineering materials that often stimulates research. Polymeric materials frequently fail to be serviceable in engineering applications for one of the following reasons ... 

A driving force for the development of this class of molecular assembly has been the ease with which these SAMs can be used to obtain different... 

The tme driving force for any diffusive transport process is the gradient of chemical potential rather than the gradient of concentration. This distinction is not important in dilute systems where thermodynamically ideal behavior is approached. However, it becomes important at higher concentration levels and in micropore and surface diffusion. To a first approximation the expression for the diffusive flux may be written... 

Presentiy, multilayer capacitors and packaging make up more than half the electronic ceramics market. For multilayer capacitors, more than 20 biUion units are manufactured a year, outnumbering by far any other electronic ceramic component. Multilayer ceramics and hybrid packages consist of alternating layers of dielectric and metal electrodes, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The driving force for these compact configurations is miniaturization. 

Greater dimensional control and thinner tapes in multilayer ceramics are the driving forces for techniques to prepare finer particles. Metal organic decomposition and hydrothermal processing are two synthesis methods that have the potential to produce submicrometer powders having low levels of agglomeration to meet the demand for more precise tape fabrication. 

The Driving Force for Mass Transfer. The rate of mass transfer increases as the driving force, (7 — (7, is increased. can be enhanced as follows. From Dalton s law of partial pressures... 

In vacuum filters, the driving force for filtration results from the appHcation of a suction on the filtrate side of the medium. Although the theoretical pressure drop available for vacuum filtration is 100 kPa, in practice it is often limited to 70 or 80 kPa. 

The scale-up of filtration centrifuges is usually done on an area basis, based on small-scale tests. Buchner funnel-type tests are not of much value here because the driving force for filtration is not only due to the static head but also due to the centrifugal forces on the Hquid in the cake. A test procedure has been described with a specially designed filter beaker to measure the intrinsic permeabiHty of the cake (7). The best test is, of course, with a small-scale model, using the actual suspension. Many manufacturers offer small laboratory models for such tests. The scale-up is most reHable if the basket diameter does not increase by a factor of more than 2.5 from the small scale. 

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