Doxorubicin and

Bisantrene (56), also known as orange crush", is a broad spectrum intercalating antitumor agent competing with doxorubicin and the somewhat more closely related quinone mitoxantrone (51)... 

MANAGING ALOPECIA. Alopecia (loss of hair) is a common adverse reaction associated with some of the antineoplastic drugs. Some drugs cause severe hair loss, whereas others cause gradual thinning. Examples of drug commonly associated with severe hair loss are doxorubicin and vinblastine Methotrexate, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide are associated with gradual hair loss. 

The same group also demonstrated that doxorubicin and vinblastine can be rapidly accumulated into egg-PC LUV in response to a valino-mycin-dependent K" " diffusion potential (Mayer et al., 1985b). 

Approximately 50% to 60% of women who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease will respond to chemotherapy regimens doxorubicin- and taxane-containing regimens are the most active. 

Vincristine (Oncovin) Dose limiting toxicity peripheral neuropathies, paresthesias, constipation, alopecia Given in combination with doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD)... 

The DNA forms stable complexes with doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR) and daunorubicin (DNR). Doxorubicin and DNR, although structurally similar, show distinctly different properties ADR is more toxic and active than DNR in the treatment of various human solid tumors the apparent binding affinity of ADR to DNA is about 1.8 times higher than that of DNR to DNA. Trouet et al. [229] found the ADR-DNA complex to be more active than ADR, DNR, or DNR-DNA in subcutaneously inoculated leukemic mice, whereas the DNR-DNA complex showed the highest... 

Kytril 1 mg PO/IV 30 minutes before and 12 hours after daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide... 

The importance of superoxide-mediated damage to cancer cells was also demonstrated in the experiments with overexpressed mitochondrial MnSOD. Hirose et al. [186] showed that the overexpression of mitochondrial MnSOD enhanced the survival of human melanoma cells exposed to cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a, anticancer antibiotics doxorubicin and mitomycin C, and y-irradiation. Similarly, Motoori et al. [187] found that overexpression of MnSOD reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, the intracellular production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and prevented radiation-induced cell death in human hepatocellular... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1238-1239.) Remission maintenance can be carried out by combination therapy, which includes cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis. Doxorubicin and carmustine are useful in the treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia, but neither is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis. 

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in blood neutrophil count below 1.5 X 109 cells per litre a normal blood count is (2.0-7.5) X 109 cells per litre. Its clinical symptoms include the occurrence of frequent and usually serious infections, often requiring hospitalization. Neutropenia may be caused by a number of factors (Table 10.6), at least some of which are responsive to CSF treatment. Particularly noteworthy is neutropenia triggered by administration of chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer patients. Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and methotrexate), when administered at therapeutically effective doses, often induce the destruction of stem cells and/or compromise stem cell differentiation. 

Recurrent SCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy. If recurrence is more than 6 months after induction chemotherapy, the original regimen can be repeated. If recurrence occurs in less than 6 months but >3 months, treatment options include a taxane, gemcitabine, topotecan, irinotecan, CAV (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine), and vinorelbine. 

Standard combination regimens (e.g., CHOP) yield disappointing results. Newer approaches including dose-adjusted EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin), and rituximab-containing combination chemotherapy are promising. 

Andersen, A., Warren, D J., and Slordal, L. 1993. A sensitive and simple high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of doxorubicin and its metabolites in plasma. Ther Drug Monit. 15 455. 

Kluza J, Marchetti P, Gallego MA, Lancel S, Fournier C, Loyens A, Beauvillain JC, Bailly C (2004) Mitochondrial proliferation during apoptosis induced by anticancer agents effects of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone on cancer and cardiac cells. Oncogene 23 7018-7030. 

The so-called self-immolative prodrugs are other relevant and intriguing examples as candidates for ADEPT (Fig. 8.17). Here, the primary bioactivation product is not the active agent, but an intermediate that breaks down spontaneously to liberate this active agent. Various cytotoxic drugs that bear an amino group were investigated, i. e., 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]aniline, actinomycin D, doxorubicin, and mitomycin C [206]. These were trans-... 

The initial mixture and each time point are then assayed for doxorubicin and lipid. Lipid concentrations can be quantified by the phosphate assay (see above) or by liquid scintillation counting of an appropriate radiolabel. Doxorubicin is quantified by an absorbance assay (see below). The percent uptake at any time point (e.g., t = 30 minutes) is determined by %-uptake = [(D/L), =30minutes] x 100/[(D/L) inuiai]. Doxorubicin can be assayed by both a fluorescence assay and an absorbance assay, but we find the latter to be more accurate. The standard curve consists of four to five cuvettes containing 0 to 150 nmol doxorubicin in a volume of 0.1 mL samples to be assayed are of the same volume. To each tube is added 0.9 mL of 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (in water) solution. For saturated lipid systems such as DSPC/Chol, the tubes should be heated in a boiling water bath for 10 to 15 seconds, until the detergent turns cloudy. Samples are allowed to cool, and absorbance is read at 480 nm on a UV/Visible spectrophotometer. 

Harrigan PR, Wong KF, Redehneier TE, Wheeler JJ, Cullis PR. Accumulation of doxorubicin and other lipophilic amines into large unilamellar vesicles in response to transmembrane pH gradients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993 1149 329. 

Abraham SA, McKenzie C, Masin D, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of doxorubicin and vincristine coencapsulated within liposomes through use of transition metal ion complexation and pH gradient loading. Clin Cancer Res 2004 10 728. 

Figure 3 Planar scintigraphic images acquired at various times of a normal rat intravenously injected with Tc-Doxil (17MBq) Tc, 2 mg doxorubicin, and 16 mg total lipid labeled using Tc-iV,iV-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-Af, Af diethyl-ethylenediamine method. Abbreviations-. H, heart L, liver K, kidney B, bowel.

Syrigos KN, Michalaki B, Alevyzaki F, et al. A phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and docetaxel in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Res 2002 22 3583. 

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