Therapeutically effective dose

Strictly speaking, toxicity values should be given relative to the values for the desired activity, that is as selectivity values, because absolute toxicity values are not particularly meaningful. For example, if a drug is toxic at 1 pmol kg but the therapeutically effective dose is 0.1 pmol kg the drug is... 

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in blood neutrophil count below 1.5 X 109 cells per litre a normal blood count is (2.0-7.5) X 109 cells per litre. Its clinical symptoms include the occurrence of frequent and usually serious infections, often requiring hospitalization. Neutropenia may be caused by a number of factors (Table 10.6), at least some of which are responsive to CSF treatment. Particularly noteworthy is neutropenia triggered by administration of chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer patients. Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and methotrexate), when administered at therapeutically effective doses, often induce the destruction of stem cells and/or compromise stem cell differentiation. 

Metabolism of adenosine is slowed by dipyridamole, indicating that in patients stabilized on dipyridamole the therapeutically effective dose of adenosine may have to be increased. Methylxanthines antagonize the effects of adenosine via blockade of the adenosine receptors. 

Select a product that contains a therapeutically effective dose. 

Authors claimed that a therapeutically effective dose for the active compound will range from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, generally from about 1 to about 5 mg/kg although the dosage also depends on the illness to be treated. 

Therapeutically effective doses of colchicine in gout are 2-3 mg per patient on day 1 with smaller doses later, and 0.5-1 mg/day for 1-3 years given orally in familial Mediterranean fever (131). Side effects such as ileal dysfunction, decreased vitamin Bi2 absorption, and an increased absorption of steroids occur after intake of 7-10 mg/day, which if continued for 4-5 days result in dehydration and renal shutdown (96). The three congeners of allocolchicine, jerusalemine, salimine, and suhailamine, which all had (—)-rotations were isolated from Colchicum decaisnei Boiss. (141). 

The third category of drugs are phytotherapeutical preparations 80% of the world population use exclusively plants for the treatment of illnesses [11]. Chromatography is relied on to guarantee preparations contain therapeutically effective doses of active drug and maintain constant batch composition. A quantitative determination of active principles is performed when possible, using pure reference standards. In many phytotherapeutic preparations, the active constituents are not known, so marker substances or typical constituents of the extract are used for the quantitative determination [11]. The Applications chapter of this book (Chapter 8) contains numerous references to the use of chromatographic methods in the control of plant extracts. 

To deliver a therapeutically-effective dose transdermally using a TDD system with a reasonable size (e.g., < 20 cm ), the barrier properties of the skin for drug permeation must be overcome to effectively deliver the drugs transdermally at a controlled rate. The following approaches have been shown to potentially decrease the skin s barrier properties and enhance the transdermal permeation of the drugs (ji) ... 

The method of treating mental disturbances of neurotic and psychic origin, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective dose of a compound, having psychic stimulant properties, of the formula... 

Initial 70 mg/day once daily or in divided doses gradually increase daily dose to achieve desired therapeutic effects dose at bedtime for daytime sedation and in morning for insomnia maximum dose 280 mg/day for inpatients, 210 mg/day for outpatients... 

Margin of safety the ratio of the toxic dose in i per cent of animals to the therapeutically effective dose in 99 per cent of animals given the drug. The larger the number the safer the drug. This is more discriminating than the therapeutic index. 

Metformin is given as a hydrochloride, chlorophenoxyacetate or embonate salt (Martindale, 1989). Therapeutically effective doses are initially 500-850 mg per day which can be increased to about 3000 mg per day (Waldhausl, 1987). It should preferentially be given two to three times a day (500-850 mg) after meals. 

Triamcinolone is foimd to be 7-13 folds more potent than hydrocortisone. It has been established beyond any reasonable doubt that the therapeutically effective doses of this drug are praetieally devoid of mineralocorticoid activity together with other observed side effects of hydrocortisone. When administered orally, more quantum of this drug actually survives the first pass through the liver than does hydrocortisone and, therefore, one may predict its presence in blood level somewhat more precisely. 

Filloon TG (1995) Estimating the minimum therapeutically effective dose of a compound via regression modelling and percentile estimation. Statistics in Medicine 14 925-932 discussion 933. 

---