Doping lasers

Neoc ym1utn oxide, which Is used as a coloring oxide in hand crafted glass, is also used in doping laser glasses which is another growing field. 

Rare earth doped lasers of Nd(III), and Ho(III), and Er(III) are available and in use [117]. The threshold powers have been calculated for these ions in various glasses and are as follows. 

Greskovich and Chernoch (24) followed this work with a program to develop polycrystalline Nd203-doped lasers based on a Th02-Y203 matrix. This was a very ambitious program, as no one had previously at-... 

Other commercially available Nd-doped laser crystals include YAlOp LiYF, La2Be20c5 and LaF. ... 

A.Brenier, G Boulon, Overview of the best Yb -doped laser CTystals, Journal of Alloys and Compounds., 323,210-3 (2001). 

Laser evaporation was originally employed by von Gustorf the beam from a 200 W Nd-doped laser passed through a gas window (a stream of inert gas in the window area ensures that it remains uncoated with evaporant) and was focused on to the metal sample contained in a water-cooled copper crucible (i.e., another example of a containerless method). The main drawback of this method is that reflectivity of the incident laser radiation increases with surface temperature (thus requiring elevated power levels), so that it is not a generally useful method for the more refractory metals. 

Nd " ion has a disadvantage, which is called self-quenching of emission, due to its complex electronic stmcture. Por downconversion, an excited Nd " ion in the " p3/2 level could transfer part of the excitation to an unexcited Nd " ion. At room temperature, the process is dominated by the cross-relaxation process, i.e., (%3/2, " 19/2) C Ii5/2> " Ii5/2). Iti itiost Nd-doped laser materials, the final levels of the... 

The quasi-degeneracy of two thermally activated transitions has also been observed in other Nd-doped laser materials. One example is Nd GSGG, in which... 

At concentrations of Nd ", self-quenching of the emission due to the downcon-version or upconversion within the system of the doping ions can reduce the emission quantum efficiency (rjqe), which influences the emission threshold and the generation of heat. The effects of Cn4 and the pump intensity on i/qe in Nd-doped laser materials have been well documented. The calculated concentration dependences of effective lifetime (rgg = Tf /qe) for Nd-doped YAG and GSGG have been calculated and compared [24]. 

Although semiconductors, e.g., GaAs, have been attempted, the saturable absorbers (SAs) used for Q-switching Nd-doped lasers are mainly based on transparent materials doped with transition metal (TM) ions. The main parameters of SAs are saturation fluence, initial transmission, and residual... 

Energy storage Capability of a doped laser material to store energy as inversion until it is converted to laser light. 

Shi LT, Jin F, Zheng ML, Dong XZ, Chen WQ, Zhao ZS, Duan XM (2011) Threshold optimization of polymeric opal photonic crystal cavity as organic solid-state dye-doped laser. App Phys Lett 98 093304... 

Stokowski, S.E., R.A. Saroyan and M.J. Weber, 1978, Nd-doped Laser Glass, Spectroscopic and Physical Properties (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA). 

ABSTRACT. The construction and operation of a Michelson interferometer that permits Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy of opaque and partially transparent samples at visible wavelengths is described. Multiplexing and throughput advantages are considered. A visible spectrum of Nd(III) doped laser glass is reproduced and potential kinetic applications are described. 

A representative interferogram (Fig. 6) and transformed absorbance spectrum (Fig. 7) of neodymium(III) doped laser glass suggest the potential utility of FTPAS for obtaining high resolution spectra in analytical chemistry. In this case the FT feature of the experiment greatly speeds the accumulation of data (20). 

Since we have been working with PAS instrumentation for three years and with a Michelson interferometer for almost one year (20), it would be fair to ask why the present paper is not more a report of chemistry accomplished rather than a prospectus of things to come. Absorbance spectra for transmitting samples such as neodymium(III) doped laser glass obtained on a Cary uv-visible spectrophotometer are only roughly approximated by the FTPAS spectra (Vig 7), It may turn out- that the differences... 

Electronic States of 5 Lanthanide-Doped Laser-Cooling ... 

LANTHANIDE-DOPED LASER-COOLING MATERIALS 5.1 Yb +-Doped Materials... 

Hehlen, M.P., 2009. Design and fabrication of rare-earth-doped laser cooling materials. In Epstein, R.I., Sheik-Bahae, M. (Eds.), Optical Refrigeratitm Science and Applications of Laser Cooling of Solids. Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 37-74. 

Snoeks E., van den Hoven G.N., Polman A. Optimization of an Er-doped silicaglass optical waveguide amplifier. IEEE J. Quantum. Electr. 1996 32 1680-1684 Stokowski S.E., Saroyan R.A., WeberM.J. Nd-doped laser glass spectroscopic and physical properties. 

Fig. 13 a Lasing spectra and b lasing wavelengths at different temperatures for DCM-doped laser and polymer laser. Reprinted with permission from [102], Cop3uight 2014, The Royal Society of Chemistiy... 

Yang, Y., Lin, G., Xu, H., Wang, M., and Qian, G. (2008) Distributed-feedback laser actions in zirconia-ORMOSlL waveguides based on energy transfer between co-doped laser dyes. Opt Commun., 281,5218-5221. 

Stokowski, R.E., R.A. Saroyan andM.J. Weber, 1981a, Nd-Doped Laser Glass Spectroscopic and Physical Properties, M-095, Rev. 2, Vol. 1 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA). Stokowski, R.E., R.A. Saroyan and M.J. Weber, 1981b, Nd-Doped Laser Glass Spectroscopic and Physical Properties, M-095, Rev. 2, Vol. 2 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA). Strek, W, 1979, Theor. Chim. Acta 52, 45. Stubblefield, C.T., and L. Eyring, 1955, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 3004. 

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