Opal photonic crystals

FIGURE 15 (A) SEM image of PMMA opal photonic crystal (B) SEM image of ceria inversed opal photonic crystal made from the PMMA template. Reprinted with permission from Waterhouse and Waterland (2007). Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society. 

Vlasov, Y, Astratov, V, Baryshev, A. et al.. Manifestation of intrinsic defects in optical properties of self-organized opal photonic crystals, Phys. Rev. E, 61, 5784, 2000. 

Johnson, N., McComb, D., Richel, A. et al., Synthesis and optical properties of opal and inverse opal photonic crystals, Synthet. Met., 116, 469, 2001. 

Schroden, R., Al-Daous, M., Blanford, C. et al.. Optical properties of inverse opal photonic crystals, Chem. Mater., 14, 3305, 2002. 

Astratov, V., Adawi, A., Skolnick, M. et al.. Opal photonic crystals infiltrated with chalcogenide glasses, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 4094, 2001. 

Romanov, S., Maka, T., Torres, C. et al.. Emission properties of dye-polymer-opal photonic crystals, J. Lightwave TechnoL, 17, 2121, 1999. 

Li, Z.-Y. and Zhang, Z.-Q., Fragility of photonic band gaps in inverse-opal photonic crystals, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 1516, 2000. 

Schriemer HP, Van Driel HM, Koenderink AF, Vos WL (2001) Modified spontaneous emission spectra of laser dye in inverse opal photonic crystals. Phys Rev A 63 011801... 

Fig. 37 Experimental procedures for the reflectometric detection of BPA using an imprinted nanocavity opal photonic crystal sensor. Reproduced with permission from [117]...

Guo C, Zhou C, Sai N, Ning B, Liu M, Chen H, Gao Z (2012) Detection of bisphenol A using an opal photonic crystal sensor. Sensor Actuat B Chem 166 17... 

D. Kang, J.E. Maclennan, N.A. Clark, A.A. Zakhidov, R.H. Baughman, Electro-optic behavior of liquid-crystal-filled silica opal photonic crystals Effect of liquid-crystal alignment Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4052-4055 (2001)... 

Flong, J.C., Park, J.H., Chun, C., Kim, D.Y. Photoinduced tuning of optical stop bands In azopolymer based inverse opal photonic crystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2462-2469 (2007)... 

FIGURE 22.42 Random laser emission spectrum of a DOO-PPV in toluene solution that is infiltrated into an opal photonic crystal. The inset shows the opal, which is composed of silica spheres in an FCC lattice and the laser excitation and collection geometries. (From Poison, R.C., Chipouline, A., and Vardeny, Z.V., Adv. Mater., 13, 760, 2001. With permission.)... 

Shi LT, Jin F, Zheng ML, Dong XZ, Chen WQ, Zhao ZS, Duan XM (2011) Threshold optimization of polymeric opal photonic crystal cavity as organic solid-state dye-doped laser. App Phys Lett 98 093304... 

Aguirre, CJ., Reguera, E., and Stein, A. (2010) Tunable colors in opals and inverse opal photonic crystals. Adv. Funct Mater., 20, 2565-2578. 

Yang, Z., Huang, X., Yang, G., Xie, Q., Li, B., Zhou, J., and Li, L. (2009) Preparation and photonic bandgap properties of lead lanthanum titanate inverse opal photonic crystals./. Alloys Compd, 468, 295-298. 

Figure 13-8. Schematic illustration of a procedure for electrochemically producing inverted opal photonic crystals (Braun, 2001a).

Most of the 3D photonic crystals fabricated via solution-based approaches are inverted opals, since the fabrication of inverse-opal photonic crystals and the evaluation of their optical properties both are relatively simple and easy. There have been a large number of studies that dealt with opal and inverse-opal photonic crystals in the literature, and it is impossible to cover most of the contents of the studies reporting inverse-opal (and opal) photonic crystals concerning their fabrication processes, characterization of the crystals, optical properties, and applications (Chen, 1999 Sun, 2000a Muller, 2000 McComb, 2001 Stein, 2001 Scroden, 2001 Astratov, 2002). Therefore, the contents of only a few of such studies as dealt with metal oxide inverted opals fabricated by the sol-gel process are presented here. 

As one may already recognize from the two examples shown above, inverse-opal photonic crystals produced by conventional methods usually contain not a little geometrical and/or physical disorders (non-uniformities) unavoidably introduced at every step of the... 

Astratov V.N., Adawi A.M., Fricker S., Skolnick M.S., Whittaker D.M., Pusey P.N. Interplay of order and disorder in the optical properties of opal photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. B 2002 66 165215-1-165215-13... 

Li Z.Y., Zhang Z.Q. Photonic bandgaps in disordered inverse-opal photonic crystals. Adv. Mater. 2001 13 433 36... 

Shkunov M.N., Vardeny Z.V., DeLong M.C., Poison R.C., Zaknidov A.A., Baughman R.H. Tunable, gap-state lasing in switchable directions for opal photonic crystals. Adv. Fund. Mater. 2002 12 21-26... 

The use of photonic crystals for the enhancement of solar cells by utilizing PBG structure instead of the high-reflection Bragg mirrors has been reported by Bermel et al. [292]. They proved that a six-period triangular two-dimensional PBG structure made of air holes in silicon increases power generation more than 2 %, even more if a combination of a Bragg mirror and 2D PBG is used. A similar improvement is obtained if an eight-period inverted opal photonic crystal [293] is utilized. 

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