Documentation research background

The primary sources of information for this study are documented research results published in the countries investigated, accompanied by investigations to clarify the country specific policy background and including expert assessment. The methodology of an expert survey has been chosen for data collection. The expert survey conducted in 18 European countries (all EU-member states, plus Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) uses a questiormaire that consists of two types of questions questions that are to be answered on the basis of literature reviews and expert knowledge, and those based on additional surveys that are to be performed by national experts. 

One way authors stress importance as they share background information is to document widespread interest in the research area (i.e., if others studied it, it must be important). Slightly different tactics are used depending on how new the research area is. If the field is already well established, phrases such as longterm interest, renewed interest, extensively studied, or for decades, chemists have studied are commonly employed. If the field is relatively new, such phrases as emerging interest, increased attention, previously unstudied, promising new approach, unexplored area, or an area of mounting concern are more appropriate. 

The patent application document may be considered under a number of headings (Table 2.2). After the title comes the abstract, which identifies the innovation and the innovation area. Relevant prior art is then overviewed in detail in the background section. This is drawn mainly from published research articles and pre-existing patents. An adequate preparation of this section relies on prior completion of a comprehensive literature and patent search. Next, a short paragraph that details the problem the innovation will solve is presented. This should emphasize why the innovation should be considered novel and non-obvious. This in turn is followed by a detailed technical description of the innovation, such that an ordinary person skilled in the art could reproduce it. If, for example, microbial cultures or animal cells form part of the innovation, these must be deposited in an approved depository (e.g. the American Type Culture... 

Li etal. discuss the use of on-line Raman spectroscopy to dynamically model the synthesis of aspirin, one of the most documented and well-understood reactions in organic chemistry. That makes it an excellent choice for building confidence in the sampling interface, Raman instrumentation, and analysis procedures. The researchers used wavelets during analysis to remove fluorescent backgrounds in the spectra and modeled the concentrations with multiple linear regression.53... 

Background information on the actor organisation (e.g., background documentation, policy documents, position statements) and previous research studies. 

US Environmental Protection Agency (1994) Technical Background Document to Support Rulemaking Pursuant to the Clean Air Act C Section 112(g). Ranking of Pollutants with Respect to Hazard to Human Health. EPAB450/3-92-010. Research Triangle Park, NC Emissions Standards Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 

The boxes used throughout this document serve several purposes. Some boxes provide additional background and rationale for terms, whereas other boxes expand on concepts described in the text. The boxes at the end of each chapter highlight issues that are integral components of the risk assessment process but require more research, analysis, and debate. Further discussion of these issues is reserved for later guidelines. 

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Backgrounders and Facts Marketing and Promotion of Pharmaceuticals, Available at http //www.phrma.org/ publications/documents/backgrounders//2000-10-23.184. phtml (accessed January 8, 2001). 

Deerhake, ME, et al. n.d. Human and ecological risk assessment for the petroleum refining waste listing determinations background document. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-W-4-0042. 

Environment and Health Research for Europe (1999) Background document to the 3rd ministerial conference of environment and health (London, 16-18 June 1999). WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen... 

Background Document on Clean Products Research and Implementation... 

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1999. Background Document on Gulf War-Related Research for the Health Impact of Chemical Exposures During the Gulf War Research Planning Conference. Public Health Service, Bethesda, MD (as cited in Cheng et al. 2001). 

For most researchers, the ethics approval process is a daunting path. The successful ethics application starts with a well-written protocol and document control. ICH E6 Section 6 recommends a list of topics that are fundamental for most research (ICH, 1996). A well-written protocol following a template snch as background, trial objective, trial design, end-point, statistics and ethics will make the completion of an ethics application form effortless. 

Ideally, such expertise should include the ability to research historical documents knowledge of military ordnance and operations a background in environmental health science or epidemiology knowledge of chemistry and knowledge of the biology of the area (i.e., marine, desert, and so on). Rarely will one person have all these skills, so team building is an important aspect. 

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