Diverticula

Fig. 2.7 Salamander nasal cavity TS — anterior to entry of naso-lacrimal duct. LD = lateral diverticulum NSE = non-sensory epithelium VNE = vomeronasal epithelium MOE = olfactory epithelium and RP = reflective pigment (after Dawley, 1988).

Fig. 2.11 (a) Dissection of VNC — Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). Cl-C3 = Para-septal cartilage bars LV = ventral vein NC = arterioles/capillary network SV = dorsal vein and VNw = ventral wall (from Schilling, 1970). Vomeronasal complex in murine Rodents. Comparison of LS with TS in Rat (b) LS (horizontal). VV = vascular sinus arrow = venous diverticulum = VN lumen and NE = neuroepithelium (from Larriva-Sahd, 1994). (c) TS (coronal). G = glands RFE = non-sensory epithelium (from Mendoza, 1993). 

The lateral diverticulum cells in semi-terrestrial species such as toads can still detect a wide range of amino acids, comparable to the properties of fish neuroepithelium. Both water-soluble and volatile odourants are discriminated by the olfactory neurones of the Clawed toad (Xenopus) (Iida and Kashiwayanagi, 1999). When single olfactory neurones were tested with acidic, neutral and basic amino acids, over 50% of the receptors gave some excitatory response. 

Anatomical changes can alter luminal flow into a surgically prepared blind loop, a diverticulum, or through a fistula. These anatomical abnormalities of relevance for the development of bacterial overgrowth have been carefully defined in previous literature [2, 7,98]. 

Gl obstruction (Concerts only) Because the Concerts tablet is nondeformable and does not appreciably change shape in the Gl tract, do not administer to patients with pre-existing severe Gl narrowing (eg, small bowel inflammatory disease, short gut syndrome because of adhesions or decreased transit time, history of peritonitis, cystic fibrosis, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Meckel s diverticulum). 

Peptic ulceration occurs as an acute or chronic non-traumatic epithelial breach typically in the gastric or duodenal mucosa, but also in the oesophagus (see above) and occasionally in the small intestine with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of gastrin overproduction or with an acid-secreting Meckel s diverticulum. Symptoms overlap with those of non-ulcer dyspepsia and cancer and the diagnostic cornerstone is endoscopy. Biopsy may be necessary to distinguish ulcer from cancer. 

Burrull-Madero MA, Del-Villar-Ruiz A, Grau-Cerrato S, Andreu-Garcia M, Goday-Arno A. Digestive hemorrhage caused by a Meckel s diverticulum in a metformin-treated patient is there any connection Pharm World Sci 2001 23(3) 120-1. 

The development of the liver begins with the formation of the hepatic diverticulum around the 18 day of the... 

Figure 3.6. Formation of a diverticulum, (A) A cross-sectiun of the wail of the colon reveals the mucasal layer (top surface of diagram), pari of the belt of muscle that encircles the gut, and an artery passing through a naturally occurring gap in the muscle. (B) As middle age approaches, weak spots may develop in places where there exist gaps between muscles-(C) Diverticuli develop. The artery follows the path of the outpouching, and it is this part of the artery that may rupture and bleed and produce rectal bleeding in persons with diverticular disease. (Redrawn with permission from Meyers ef ai, 1976.)...

Perforation can occur elsewhere than in the colon in one case a duodenal ulcer was apparently made to perforate. In both this and another case of perforation of a sigmoid diverticulum the complication was not immediately recognized, the duodenal perforation only being detected 5 days after administration of the barium meal (SEDA-17, 535). 

Wang IS, Hsieh SP, Jiaan BP, Tseng HH. Human papiUo-mavrrus in cyclophosphamide and diverticulum-associated squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder a case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1996 57(4) 305-9. 

Diverticulum formation in the internal carotid artery occurred in a patient who had taken ergotamine for... 

Bleeding from a Meckel s diverticulum has been described with oral ibuprofen (SEDA-17,110). 

A giant diverticulum in the sigmoid colon has been attributed to inflammation due to sodium polystyrene sulfonate crystals in a 44-year-old man who had taken 15 mg/day for 2 years (25). 

Mmder JW, Offerhaus GJ, Drillenburg P, Busch OR. Giant diverticulum sigmoid colon. J Am Coll Surg 2002 195(1) 130. 

Refluxing ureters can be treated endoscopically with sub-ureteric injection of polytetrafluoroethylene paste (Polytef), the STING procedure. However, ureteric obstruction has been described as a complication (8). Urinary incontinence has also been treated by periurethral or submucosal injections of Polytef, but reports of urinary obstruction (9,10) and poor long-term success (11,12) have limited the range of indications for this treatment. Other reported complications of Teflon injection for stress urinary incontinence include periurethral abscess, urethral diverticulum. Teflon granuloma with urethral wall prolapse (13), and microembolization (14). 

Diverticulitis—Inflammation of a diverticulum, especially of the small pockets in the wall of the colon which fill with stagnant fecal material and become inflamed rarely, they may cause obstruction, perforation, or bleeding. 

A cyst that is located in the posterior or lateral epidural space in the spinal canal and that is lined only by fibrous tissue resembling dura and lacking arachnoid membrane is a meningeal cyst or diverticulum (see Table 20.12). A subdural or subarachnoid cyst that has a thinner wall than the epidural cyst and that protrudes toward brain or spinal cord is an arachnoid cyst. Reactivity for vimen-tin, progesterone receptors, and EMA is common. This inununoreactivity resembles that of arachnoid granulations and meningiomas. Other cysts have variable thickness and are more difficult to categorize. 

To diagnose ectopic gastric mucosa (Meckel s diverticulum)... 

Meckel s diverticulum scintigraphy should commence immediately after intravenous injection and at regular intervals up to 30 min. 

Meckel s diverticulum nuclear scan MUGA scan Octreotide scan Oncoscint scan... 

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