Diversity, ecosystem

The first version of the model was developed in 1991-1992. In the EPS system, the impacts are expressed in terms of socio-economic costs (or values) occurring by unit effects of damage to five safeguards subjects human health, biological diversity, ecosystem production, natural resources and aesthetic values. The latest version was published in 1999 [37, 38]. 

These ideas may be translated to natural product diversity. Ecosystems of greater natural product diversity are expected to be more robust (which, by analogy, may be termed natural product redundancy). Under conditions of high diversity, a semiochemical that disappears may be replaced by another one, in a fine tuning of the ecosystem. In contrast, compensation in an ecosystem of scarce natural product diversity needs drastic changes. Thus, the diversity of natural products may be taken as a measure of the contribution to biological evolution. 

Central to biodynamics is the concept that a farm is healthy only as much as it becomes an organism in itself - an individualised, diverse ecosystem guided by the farmer, standing in living interaction with the larger ecological, social, economic, and spiritual realities of which it is part. 

Reich P. B., Walters M. B., and EUsworth D. S. (1992) Leaf hfe span in relation to leaf, plant and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr., 62, 365—392. 

The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in the western Himalaya is one such diverse ecosystem and harbors a wide range of MAPs (Hajra and Balodi, 1995 Samant et al., 1996). MAPs are an essential part of traditional health care systems of the Bhotiya transhumance community of the Garhwal Himalaya inhabiting the northern most mountainous border areas of Chamoli and Uttarkashi districts of Uttarakhand state. 

Related to diversity is the notion of static and dynamic stability in ecosystems. Traditional dogma stated that diverse ecosystems were more stable and therefore healthier than less rich ecosystems. The work of May in the early 1970s did much to question these almost unquestionable assumptions about properties of ecosystems. We certainly do not doubt the importance of biological diversity, but diversity itself may indicate the longevity and size of the habitat rather than the inherent properties of the ecosystem. Rarely are basic principles such as island biogeography incorporated into comparisons of species diversity when assessments of community health are made. Diversity should be examined closely as to its worth in determining xenobi-otic impacts upon biological communities. 

The magnitude and duration of flows, coupled with the chemical quality of the waters, determine (to a considerable degree) the biological characteristics of the stream. The river is an extremely rich and diverse ecosystem, and any water quality analysis must recognize this diversity. The river system may therefore be considered from the physical, chemical, and biological perspective. The principal physical characteristics of rivers that are of interest include ... 

Soil is the most diverse ecosystem and Earth s most important resource in sustaining all life in the terrestrial environment. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are not independent but rather, interactive with each other. The interactions at physical-chemical-biological interfaces govern the mechanisms of transformations, speciation, dynamics, bioavailability, toxicity, and fate of metals and metalloids in soil and related environments. 

S. C.M. and Schmaljohann, R. (1992) Bubbling Reefs in the Kattegat submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rock support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 83, 103-112. 

The Ladder Ranch is a major connector in another arm of the Wildlands Project, the Sky Islands Wildlands Network, which straddles Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Sky Islands is an attempt to link wildlife corridors, reserves, and islands of mountainous habitats spanning four diverse ecosystems the northern temperate Rocky Mountains region, the southern subtropical Sierra Madre, the Sonoran Desert, and the Chihuahuan Desert. The area is a major repository of biodiversity, including half the bird species in North America. Ladder Ranch also has a captive breeding facility for Mexican wolves destined for release on Turner s land and federal lands. Some of Turner s wolves have been reintroduced at Kieran Suckling s... 

Mor Barak, M. E., Travis, D. J. (2013). Socioeconomic trends Broadening the diversity ecosystem. In Q. M. Roberson (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of diversity and work (pp. 393- 18). New York Oxford University Press. 

The GREAT BARRIER REEF stretches for more than 2600 km off of the eastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs such as this are among the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. 

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