Distortion , from pumping systems

Cooke, 1979 Wu, 1981). In this range transfer velocities determined from natural systems are possibly distorted by an additional effect called wind pumping. In this situation, bubbles are injected deep below the water surface and experience pressures in excess of atmospheric. As a result, larger quantities of the chemicals contained in the bubbles are dissolved in the water than are required for equilibrium at the water surface. This leads to supersaturation of 02, N2, and C02 of up to 15% (Smith and Jones, 1985). Note that this process not only influences the deduced sizes of viW and v a/w, but it may also invalidate the general form of Eq. 20-1 according to which the sign of the net air-water flux is determined by the sign of the concentration difference (C, w - ). In order to produce supersaturation, F a/w must... 

Summary. An effective scheme for the laser control of wavepacket dynamics applicable to systems with many degrees of freedom is discussed. It is demonstrated that specially designed quadratically chirped pulses can be used to achieve fast and near-complete excitation of the wavepacket without significantly distorting its shape. The parameters of the laser pulse can be estimated analytically from the Zhu-Nakamura (ZN) theory of nonadiabatic transitions. The scheme is applicable to various processes, such as simple electronic excitations, pump-dumps, and selective bond-breaking, and, taking diatomic and triatomic molecules as examples, it is actually shown to work well. 

Laser emission efficiency has a strong dependence on the distribution of the de-excitation processes. It has been proved that proper management of the pump and laser mode volumes is crucial to achieve high CW laser efficiency, reduce the parasitic luminescence, and decrease the heat generation, which can result in the loss of excitation by ASE, distortion of the beam, and mechanical fracture. These properties are also important for the design of cooling systems and evaluation of material characteristics, e.g., emission quantum efficiency from thermal lensing data [1, 11]. 

Reactor maintainability. The reactor plant operating experience has demonstrated quite acceptable maintainability of the integral LMFR. There have been no additional difficulties in repairing primary system components on BN-600 compared with BN-350. Repairs of the reactor equipment items and sodium systems, including such complicated operations as replacement of the reactor coolant pumps and SG modules, re-arrangement and jacketing of primary sodium systems, extraction of distorted items from the reactor core, etc. had virtually no influence on the duration of planned outages, which were defined, as a rule, by inspections and preventive maintenance of the steam-water system components. 

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