Blister forming

Reactivity Hydrolysis products Hydrochloric acid and chlorovinyl arsenous oxide, a vesicant. The latter is a nonvolatile solid that is not readily washed away by rains. Strong alkalies destroy these blister-forming properties. 

Dermal application resulted in immediate irritation characterized by erythema and hyperemia. The subjects complained of painful burning sensation, and, after 5 hours, blisters formed on the exposed areas. ... 

Pentane is considered nontoxic at concentrations below its lower flammability limits (15,000ppm). Human subjects exposed to SOOOppm for 10 minutes did not experience mucous membrane irritation or other symptoms. In early reports topical application of pentane to volunteers caused painful burning sensations accompanied by itching after 5 hours, blisters formed on the exposed areas. More recent studies showed that 2.0ml applied to the skin of volunteers for 24 hours was not irritating. ... 

Initial dermal signs of toxicity consist of erythema, occurring 4-8 h after exposure. Pruritus can occur with or prior to erythema (Yu et al, 2003 Azizi and Amid, 1990). Over the next 24 h, large yellowish blisters form in areas of... 

One of the doctors asked me to participate in a test he was carrying out. He had a bottle with a small amount of mustard gas in it, dissolved in some solvent. He put one drop on my left arm and told me to record what happened over the next several days. A hemispherical blister formed over an area about the size of a silver dollar. It was painless, and the stretched skin was smooth and tight. After a few days the blister dried and cracked releasing fluid, the skin came off, and there was a sore for many days. The sore healed, but even now, year 2001, I have a constellation of small red spots on my arm where the mustard blister had been. 

For the mammary fat pad injection, a small incision is made toward the midline of the teat using a scissors (a scalpel also works well) (Fig. 8.2A, B). The mammary fat pad is exposed in the incision by inverting the tissue using a finger and shding the needle into the fat pad immediately under the teat (C). A blister forms at the site of injection that is translucent and relatively fragile. For this type of injection, slower injection rates are recommended. When the inoculum has been injected, the needle is withdrawn and the incision is closed with sterile wound clips (D). Removal of the wound clips is usually not necessary since they usually fall out with 1-2 weeks. If, however, the clips remain, they pose no adverse threat to the animal or the tumor. 

Sulfur mustard is the distilled or purified form of mustard gas. Its properties and toxicities are similar to those of mustard gas. If spilled, sulfur mustard evaporates into air where it decomposes. It can persist within soil with its blister-forming activity intact for many years, particularly in colder climates. Because of its relative insolubility, it generally does not contaminate groundwater. 

Lewisite liquid or vapor produces pain or irritation within seconds to minutes after contact. Pain caused by a Lewisite lesion is much less severe than that caused by mustard lesions, and it diminishes after blisters form (Buscher and Conway, 1944). 

Skin contact — flush with water, seek medical assistance if contact area is large or blisters form. 

Urines of normal and of diabetic individuals have been examined by infrared spectroscopy for analysis of the components therein, for example, reducing substances such as sugars. In conjunction with other techniques, infrared spectra can be used to examine the urine of patients with phenylketonuria. Also, the serums of blisters formed during certain diseases have been analyzed for proteia Thus, various metabolic products can be identified. 

A Henry s law constant of 2.4 x 10 atm-mVmole (Small 1984) indicates that volatilization from water could be significant. However, in the absence of turbulence and at low temperatures, large quantities of HD would persist under water for considerable periods and retain blister-forming properties (Sanches et al. 1993). 

Second-Degree Bum— A bum that results in blisters forming on the skin. 

Father Kopp. .. was standing in front of the nunnery ready to go home. All of a sudden he became aware of the light, felt that wave of heat, and a large blister formed on his hand. 

Fibre bundles Blisters form along the glass fibre bundles immediately... 

SEM studies contribute to an understanding of a major obstacle to residual solvent removal. Figure 16.1.2 shows two photographs of polyethylene strands extraded from a melt which initially contained 4000 ppm hexane. After a short period of time following the extrusion, blisters form which remain in the material and become enlarged until they break and release solvent. This blistering mechanism, determines die rate of residual solvent removal from the material. The rate of removal depends on bubble nucleation, temperature, and polymer rheological properties. ... 

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