Ultrasonically nebulized distilled water

Emad, A., Emad, Y. (2007a). Comparison of bronchial responsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW), methacholine, and ultrasonically nebulized distilled cold water (UDCW) in patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced asthma. Clin. Toxicol. 45 565-70. 

Midgren B, Hansson L, Karlsson J-A, Simonsson BG, Persson CG (1992) Capsaicin-induced cough in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 146 347-351 Mochizuki H, Shimizu T, Maeda S, Tokuyama K, Morikawa A, Kuruome T (1995) Relationship between ultrasonically nebulized distilled water-induced bronchoconstriction and acetic acid-induced cough in asthmatic children. J Allergy Chn Immunol 96 193-199 Morice AH, Higgins KS, Yeo WW (1992) Adaptation of the cough reflex with different types of stimulation. Eur Respir J 5 841-847... 

As a starting material, TTBP (Titinium tetraisoproxide, Aldrich Chem. Co. ltd., 98%) was dissolved in distilled water by adding nitric acid. Total titanium ion concentration was fixed at 0.5M. The precursor solution was converted into droplets by ultrasonic nebulizer of 1.7MHz. These droplets were transported to the reaction region by carrier gas. 

SSID ( °°Hg(II)), steam distillation (NaCl-H2SO4), preconcentration on Hypersil in form of SPDC complexes, RP separation (Hypersil ODS) with acetonitrile-water (65 35, v/v), UV irradiation and on-line introduction to ICP-MS through ultrasonic nebulizer... 

Detection limits are frequently reported as the concentration corresponding to three times the noise on the background during aspiration of distilled water, expressed as a standard deviation (3o). This is more appropriately referred to as the instrumental detection limit and is seldom realized in the analysis of real samples. Nevertheless, compilations of such values are useful for contrasting the behavior of different elements by ICP-AES and for comparison with other instrumental methods. A list compiled by P.W.J.M. Boumans and R. M. Barnes a number of years ago is still an accurate reflection of the state of the art, and was reproduced in a recent review [7]. With pneumatic nebulization, detection limits for 76 elements range from 0.5 ng/liter for Ca to 100 jig/liter for C and N. Metals of the first transition series are typical, with values in the range 0.1 to 1 p.g/liter. In most cases, improvements are reported with ultrasonic nebulization. 

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