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Distillation, azeotropes

The choice of separation method to be appHed to a particular system depends largely on the phase relations that can be developed by using various separative agents. Adsorption is usually considered to be a more complex operation than is the use of selective solvents in Hquid—Hquid extraction (see Extraction, liquid-liquid), extractive distillation, or azeotropic distillation (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive). Consequentiy, adsorption is employed when it achieves higher selectivities than those obtained with solvents. [Pg.291]

Anhydrous Acetic Acid. In the manufacture of acetic acid by direct oxidation of a petroleum-based feedstock, solvent extraction has been used to separate acetic acid [64-19-7] from the aqueous reaction Hquor containing significant quantities of formic and propionic acids. Isoamyl acetate [123-92-2] is used as solvent to extract nearly all the acetic acid, and some water, from the aqueous feed (236). The extract is then dehydrated by azeotropic distillation using isoamyl acetate as water entrainer (see DISTILLATION, AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE). It is claimed that the extraction step in this process affords substantial savings in plant capital investment and operating cost (see Acetic acid and derivatives). A detailed description of various extraction processes is available (237). [Pg.79]

Metal chlorides which are not readily salted out by hydrochloric acid can require high concentrations of HCl for precipitation. This property is used to recover hydrogen chloride from azeotropic mixtures. A typical example is the calcium chloride [10043-52-4] addition used to breakup the HCl—H2O azeotrope and permit recovery of HCl gas by distillation (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive). [Pg.442]

The cmde wax is refined by extracting at 90—100°C with an azeotropic mixture of benzene and a mixture of alcohols, typically 85% benzene and 15% methanol (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive). Distilling the solvent leaves a wax too daddy colored to be used without added refining. [Pg.160]

Azeotropic and Extractive Distillations. Effective as they are for producing various Hquid fractions, distillation units generally do not produce specific fractions. In order to accommodate the demand for such products, refineries have incorporated azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation in their operations (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive). [Pg.202]

If the molecular species in the liquid tend to form complexes, the system will have negative deviations and activity coefficients less than unity, eg, the system chloroform—ethyl acetate. In a2eotropic and extractive distillation (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive) and in Hquid-Hquid extraction, nonideal Hquid behavior is used to enhance component separation (see Extraction, liquid—liquid). An extensive discussion on the selection of nonideal addition agents is available (17). [Pg.157]

Use of Azeotropes to Remove Water. With the aliphatic alcohols and esters of medium volatility, a variety of azeotropes is encountered on distillation (see Distillation, azeotropic and extractive). Removal of these azeotropes from the esterification reaction mixture drives the equihbrium in favor of the ester product (39). [Pg.376]

FIG. 13-7 Separation operations related to distillation, (a) Flush vaporization or partial condensation, (h) Absorption, (c) Rectifier, (d) Stripping, (e) Reboded stripping, (f ) Reboiled absorption, (g) Refluxed stripping, (h) Extractive distillation. ( ) Azeotropic distillation. [Pg.1247]

Deviations from Raonlt s law in solution behavior have been attributed to many charac teristics such as molecular size and shape, but the strongest deviations appear to be due to hydrogen bonding and electron donor-acceptor interac tions. Robbins [Chem. Eng. Prog., 76(10), 58 (1980)] presented a table of these interactions. Table 15-4, that provides a qualitative guide to solvent selection for hqnid-hqnid extraction, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, or even solvent crystallization. The ac tivity coefficient in the liquid phase is common to all these separation processes. [Pg.1452]


See other pages where Distillation, azeotropes is mentioned: [Pg.12]    [Pg.337]    [Pg.398]    [Pg.855]    [Pg.393]    [Pg.108]    [Pg.444]    [Pg.69]    [Pg.179]    [Pg.179]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.183]    [Pg.184]    [Pg.185]    [Pg.186]    [Pg.187]    [Pg.188]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.190]    [Pg.191]    [Pg.192]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.194]    [Pg.195]    [Pg.196]    [Pg.197]    [Pg.198]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.885]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.4]    [Pg.444]    [Pg.446]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.173 , Pg.174 ]




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Absolute alcohol, azeotropic distillation

Absorbers Azeotropic distillation columns

Acetal formation, by azeotropic distillation

Anhydrous ethanol azeotropic distillation

Aspen Plus azeotropic distillation

Azeotrope Batch distillation

Azeotrope and distillation

Azeotrope distillation

Azeotrope distillation

Azeotropes distillation application

Azeotropes pressure distillation

Azeotropic Distillation Apparatus

Azeotropic Distillation Method for Moisture

Azeotropic Distillation Method for Moisture Determination

Azeotropic distillation

Azeotropic distillation

Azeotropic distillation acetonitrile/water separation

Azeotropic distillation acrylonitrile

Azeotropic distillation azeotropes

Azeotropic distillation azeotropes

Azeotropic distillation calculations

Azeotropic distillation commercial examples

Azeotropic distillation design method

Azeotropic distillation entrainer

Azeotropic distillation entrainer selection

Azeotropic distillation ethanol

Azeotropic distillation ethanol/water/benzene process

Azeotropic distillation ethyl acetate

Azeotropic distillation heterogeneous

Azeotropic distillation maximum

Azeotropic distillation methyl ethyl ketone

Azeotropic distillation minimum

Azeotropic distillation minimum reflux

Azeotropic distillation minimum reflux ratio

Azeotropic distillation multicomponent

Azeotropic distillation multiple steady states

Azeotropic distillation n-heptane/toluene/MEK process

Azeotropic distillation pervaporation

Azeotropic distillation pinch point curve

Azeotropic distillation pressure change

Azeotropic distillation process

Azeotropic distillation process alcohol dehydration

Azeotropic distillation representation

Azeotropic distillation residue curve

Azeotropic distillation section profiles

Azeotropic distillation selection of entrainer

Azeotropic distillation solvent separation

Azeotropic distillation technique

Azeotropic distillation tetrahydrofuran

Azeotropic distillation total reflux

Azeotropic distillation vapor-liquid equilibrium data

Azeotropic distillation, and

Azeotropic distillation, rate

Azeotropic distillation, recycling

Azeotropic distillation, recycling acetic acid

Azeotropic mixture Batch distillation

Azeotropic mixture constant distillate composition

Azeotropic mixture separation pressure swing distillation

Azeotropic or extractive distillation

Azeotropic process with distillation column

Azeotropic, Extractive, and Pressure Swing Distillation

Batch azeotropic distillation

Binary distillation azeotropic mixtures

Boiling points azeotropic distillation

Calculated azeotropic distillation

Calculated azeotropic distillation results compared for

Computer simulations azeotropic distillation

Conceptual process design azeotropic distillation

Cyclohexane azeotropic distillation

Dehydrating calculated azeotropic distillation results

Dehydration by azeotropic distillation

Determination of water content in bitumen emulsions - azeotropic distillation method

Dimethylformamide azeotropic distillation

Distillation column design ternary azeotropic mixtures

Distillation modified azeotropic

Distillation of azeotropic mixtures

Distillation sequence azeotropic

Distillation ternary azeotropic

Distillation towers azeotropic

Distillation, azeotropic extractive

Distillation-based separation systems azeotropic behavior

Drying liquids, azeotropic distillation

EXTRACTIVE AND AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION

Esterification by azeotropic distillation with benzene

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of coumalic acid with methanol

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of ethanol with phosphorus trichloride

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of malonic acid with isobutylene

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of mandelic acid with ethanol

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of pentaerythritol with benzene sulfonyl chloride

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of pentaerythritol with benzenesulfonyl chloride

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of stearic acid with ethanol

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation of succinic acid with phenol

Esterification, by azeotropic distillation with toluene

Esterificationby azeotropic distillation with benzene

Esterificationby azeotropic distillation with benzene ester column

Esterificationby azeotropic distillation with benzene of desoxycholic acid

Esterificationby azeotropic distillation with benzene of linoleic acid

Esterificationby azeotropic distillation with benzene of linolenic acid

Ethanol calculated azeotropic distillation

Extractive distillation columns, azeotropic

Fractional distillation azeotropes

Homogeneous azeotropic distillation

Ideal Entrainer Using Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation

Moisture Determination in Ammonium Nitrate by Azeotropic Distillation

Operation of Azeotropic Distillation Columns

Pentene Azeotropic distillation

Pressure-swing azeotropic distillation

Reactions aided by azeotropic distillation

Recovery by Multieffect Azeotropic Distillation

Reverse azeotropic distillation

Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation

Solution of Problems Involving Single Columns Used to Effect Azeotropic and Extractive Distillations

Special distillations azeotropic distillation

Ternary azeotropic distillation program

Toluene azeotropic distillation

Trade-offs in Azeotropic Distillation

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