Disseminated tumour cell

Heiss MM, Allgayer H, Gruetzner KU, Funke I, Babic R, Jauch KW, et al. Individual development and uPA-receptor expression of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow A reference to early systemic disease in solid cancer. Nat Med 1995 1(10) 1035-1039. 

Vogel, I., and Kalthoff, H., Disseminated tumour cells. Their detection and significance for prognosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 439, 109-117 (2001). 

Vlems, F.A., Diepstra, J.H.S., Cornelissen, I.M.H.A. et al. (2002) Limitations of cytokeratm 20 RT-PCR to detect disseminated tumour cells in blood and bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer expression in controls and downregulation in tumour tissue. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol, 55, 156-163. 

Metastatic Dissemination of Tumour Cells 118 Clinical Courses and Experimental Data from Primary Tumours and Metastases Do Not Enable a Coherent Understanding of Metastatic Progression 118 Studying the Precursor Cells of Metastasis 120 Dissemination Can Be an Early Event in Malignant Cancers 120 Genetic Heterogeneity During Minimal Residual Disease 120 Clonal Expansion of Disseminated Tumour Cells Occurs Shortly Before Manifestation of Metastasis 121... 

More recent genetic data suggested that the metastatic potential cannot be acquired late in local progression in rare variant cells, but that dissemination of tumour cells begins very early after transformation. Primary tumours may often be poor surrogate markers for the genetics of disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) and thereby for response to adjuvant therapies. 

Disseminated tumour cells are extremely rare. In patients without clinically manifest metastases, only 1-2 marker-positive cells are detected in bone marrow or histopathologically tumour-free lymph nodes per one million bone marrow or lymph node cells. 

Clonal Expansion of Disseminated Tumour Cells Occurs Shortly Before Manifestation of Metastasis... 

Klein CA, Blankenstein TJ, Schmidt-Kittler O, Petronio M, Polzer B, Stoecklein NH, Riethmuller G (2002) Genetic heterogeneity of single disseminated tumour cells in minimal residual cancer. Lancet 360 683-689... 

Vlems FA, Diepstra JH, Punt CJ, et al (2003) Detection of disseminated tumour cells in blood and bone marrow samples of patients undergoing hepatic resection for... 

Pantel, K., Brakenhoff, R.H., and Brandt, B. (2008). Detection, clinical relevance and specific biological properties of disseminating tumour cells. Nat. Rev. Cancer 8, 329-340. 

Zimmermann, U., Balabanov, S., Giebel, J., Teller, S., Junker, H., Schmoll, D,. Protzel, C., Scharf, C., Kleist, B., and R. Walther R, 2004, Increased expression and altered location of annexin IV in renal clear cell carcinoma a possible role in tumour dissemination. Cancer Lett. 2004. 209(1) 111-8. 

In the course of tissue augmentation (hyperplasia), the tumour outgrows into the surrounding tissue. To grow further and satisfy the increased demand for nutrients, the tmnour requires the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) (Fig. 5.120). [300] Eventually, cancer cells are released into the blood or lymph system and disseminated into other organs to establish secondary tumours (metastases). 

A number of murine tumours are used as preliminary screens for evaluation of antitumour activity. The principal screens are L1210, P388, S180 and Ehrlich ascites, which are all classified as leukemias and thus are usually disseminated. In some cases (e.g. SI80) solid tumour lines are also available. Solid tumours include B16 melanoma, Lewis lung, M5076 (sarcoma) and mammary carcinoma. The ADJ/PC6 screen is a solid plasma cell tumour and the Walker 256 line is a rat solid tumour. 

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