Dissection extracranial

Engelter S, Lyrer P, Kirsch E, Steck AJ. Long-term follow-up after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Eur Neurol 2000 44 199-204. 

Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, Lempert TE, Meyers PM, Smith WS, Dowd CP, Halbach VV. Endovascular management of extracranial carotid artery dissection achieved using stent angioplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000 21 ... 

Mokri B, Silbert PL, Schievink WI et al (1996) Cranial nerve palsy in spontaneous dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Neurology 46 356-359 Molina CA, Montaner J, Abilleira S et al (2001) Timing of Spontaneous Recanalization and Risk of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Cardioembolic Stroke. Stroke 32 1079-1084 Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J et al (2002) Thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic infarction a marker of early reperfusion, reduced infarct size, and improved outcome in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 33 1551-1556... 

Fig.5.21a,b. Subacute dissection of the extracranial right ICA. Spin-echo Tl-weighted images pre- (a) and post-fat saturation (b)... 

Fig. 5.23a-c. Carotid dissection. While the characteristic intramural hematoma is easily recognized as bright on TOF-MRA source images (a) and MIP (b), CE-MRA (c) outlines the long high grade stenosis of the distal extracranial vessel, but not the hematoma itself... 

Some inherited disorders of connective tissue (Table 3.2) can present with, or be complicated by, arterial dissection or even rupture, intra- and extracranial aneurysm formation. 

Lamy C, Giarmesini C, Zuber M et al. (2002). Clinical and imaging findings in cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale the PFO-ASA Study (Atrial Septal Aneurysm). Stroke 33 706-711 Leung SY, Ng THK, Yuen ST et al. (1993). Pattern of cerebral atherosclerosis in Hong Kong Chinese severity in intracranial and extracranial vessels. Stroke 24 779-786 Leys D, Moulin Th, Stojkovic T et al. (1995). Follow-up of patients with history of cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovascular Diseases 5 43-49... 

Sturzenegger M, Matde HP, Rivoir A et al. (1993). Ultrasound findings in spontaneous extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 24 1910-1921... 

Mas JL, Bousser MG, Hasboun D, Laplane D. Extracranial vertebral artery dissections a review of 13 cases. Stroke 1987 18(6) 1037- 7. 

Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis or intimal hyperplasia Intracranial atherosclerosis Aortic atherosclerosis Extracranial arterial dissection... 

Infrequently, cervical artery dissection can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually when the dissection extends to the intracranial part of the vessel, with pseudoaneurysm formation and rupture (1% of cervical artery dissection cases in the large hospital-based series) [36, 37], Rupture of dissected vertebral arteries into the subarachnoid space is more common in children. Rupture of dissected carotid artery pseudoaneurysms into the neck or nasal sinuses is generally rare. Dissection can occur intracraiually and, on rare occasions, can spread intracraniaUy from a primary extracranial origin. 

Spontaneous arterial dissection has been well recognized at the cervical portion of the carotid artery and extracranial vertebral artery as an important cause of ischemic stroke in young adults. In contrast, intracranial or intradural dissections more... 

Fig. 5. 2a-f. Dissection of the right internal carotid artery with extracranial enlarging pseudoaneurysm. a Contrast-enhanced MR angiography demonstrating the aneurysm at the extracranial ICA. b Conventional DSA, oblique view, c CT angiography, sagittal reformation reveals the small aneurysm neck, d Conventional DSA before and (e,f) after endovascular coil embolization demonstrating aneurysm occlusion with preservation of the internal carotid artery... 

---