Disposal of carbon dioxide

Lung function Relating to the transfer of oxygen from air into the blood and the disposal of carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. 

The major functions of the red blood ceil are relatively simple, consisting of dehvering oxygen to the tissues and of helping in the disposal of carbon dioxide and protons formed by tissue metabolism. Thus, it has a much simpler structure than most human cells, being essentially composed of a membrane surrounding a solution of hemoglobin (this protein forms about 95% of the intracellular protein of the red cell). There are no... 

Holloway S. and Van Der Straaten R. The joul II project-The underground disposal of carbon dioxide. 1995 Energy Conversion and Management 36(6-9) 519-522. 

Herzog, H. et al., A Research Needs Assessment for Capture Utilization, and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plan, DOE/ER-30194, U.S. DOE, Washington, 1993. 

Hitchon, B. (ed) 1996. Aquifer Disposal of Carbon Dioxide Hydrodynamics and Mineral Trapping -Proof of Concept. Geoscience Publishing Ltd., Alberta, Canada. 

Holloway, S. Savage, D. 1993. The potential for aquifer disposal of carbon dioxide in the UK. Energy Conversion and Management, 34, 925-932. 

Pearce, J. M., Holloway, S., Wacker, H., Nelis, M. K., Rochelle, C. Bateman, K. 1996. Natural occurrences as analogues for the geological disposal of carbon dioxide. Energy Conversion and Management, 37, 1123-1128. 

Huesemann, M. H., SkiUman, A. D., and Crecelius, E. A. (2002). The inhibition of marine nitrification by ocean disposal of carbon dioxide. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 142-148. 

N. Handa and T. Ohsumi, (eds). Direct Ocean Disposal of Carbon Dioxide, Terra Scientific Publication Company, Tokyo, 1995. 

In terms of ocean disposal of carbon dioxide, further studies must be undertaken in the areas of physical chemistry, oceanography and marine biology to establish the fate of the carbon dioxide that is injected and its impact on the sea-bed ecology. This will necessitate both small-scale laboratory studies and pilot-scale demonstrations in carefully selected areas where the environmental consequences will be localized. Considerable effort will be required to demonstrate to a sceptical public that the practice would give rise to no adverse consequences. At the end of the day, should geological storage prove to be unsatisfactory or insecure, the ultimate choice may lie between release to the atmosphere or to the oceans, and the latter may be the lesser environmental evil. For this reason, if for no other, it is important to continue investigating marine disposal as a fall-back option. 

Department of Energy A Research Needs Assessment for the Capture, Utilization and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide From Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants, DOE/ER-30194, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1993, p. 61. 

Geological carbon dioxide sequestration can be accomplished by injecting the gas into porous sedimentary formations at depths exceeding approximately 1000 m. Experience in the petroleum industry with underground disposal of carbon dioxide and injection of the gas into oil-bearing formations for petroleum recovery has provided the technology required for geological carbon dioxide sequestration. The carbon dioxide injected into sedimentary formations rises and is confined by poorly permeable caprock. Breaches in caprock, such as those from abandoned oil wells, can result... 

Lackner, K.8., D.P. Butt, and C.H. Wendt. 1997. Magnesite disposal of carbon dioxide. Pp. 419-430 in Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FI. 

Cox, H., Heederik, j. P., Van der Meer, B. Van der Straaten, R., Holloway, S., Metcalfe, R., Fabriol, H. Summerfield, I. 1996. Safety and stability of underground CO2 storage. In Holloway, S. (ed.) The Underground Disposal of Carbon Dioxide. Final Report of Joule Project Number CT92-0031, chapter 5. 

Wilson, T. R. S. 1992. The deep ocean disposal of carbon dioxide. Energy Conversion and Management, 33, 627—633. 

These criteria were pragmatically designed to cause the minimal interference with the commercial operations of the industry [65] and have little to do with protection of the environment. For example criterion 2 which is mandatory is less concerned with recovery of fertiliser from waste, as required hy the Directive than with the easy disposal of carbon dioxide in the environment. Criterion 3 governing the choice of particle size for disintegration is entirely arbitrary since it is not based on scientific evidence. Indeed, scientific considerations played very little part in arriving at the above criteria [49,65]. 

A variety of systems are available to minimize the different, potentially destabilizing factors. For example, histones appear to stabilize DNA in the nucleus. Buffer systems minimize the impact of organic acids. Proteins are capable of binding trace metals, anions, and cations. Enzymatic systems are present which metabolize cyanide, sulfate, ammonia, peroxides, and superoxide. Mechanisms are available to dispose of carbon dioxide, and the heat generated by metabolic processes... 

Technology and Cost Options for Capture and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide from Gas Turbines ... 

Examples of total costs for capture, transport, and disposal of carbon dioxide... 

TABLE C-4 Summary of Estimated Costs for the Capture, Transport, and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide... 

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