Dispersion fluorescent dyes

Synthetic organic dyes pigments), for example, disperse, fluorescent dyes color pigments stains... 

FIG. 2. Imaging of Ca2+ within the SR stores using the low-affinity Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-3-FF. This cell is a myocyte freshly dispersed from term pregnant myometrium, but similar results are seen with cultured cells. Scale bar = 10 /im (reprinted from Morgan et al 1996). 

The resins used to make fluorescent pigments are usually toluenesulphonamide-melamine-formaldehyde matrices. The dyes used for this purpose include Cl Disperse Yellow 11, Rhodamine 6G (Cl Basic Red 1) and Rhodamine B (Cl Basic Violet 10). More details of the fluorescent dyes used have been given in a review by Christie [31]. 

Check whether the assumption of vertical and lateral homogeneity from the point of tracer injection to the first cascade (1 km downstream) is justified. At the start of the injection, a short pulse of uranin (sodium fluorescein, a fluorescent dye) was added to the river in order to measure the travel time of the water. At each station, the samples for analyzing the halogenated compounds were taken 1.5 hours after the uranin peak had passed by. Based on this information, justify why longitudinal dispersion can be disregarded in the evaluation of the experiment. 

We studied electrochemically induced ET between a ferrocene derivative (FeCp-X) in single oil droplets and hexacyanoferrate(III) (Fe(III)) in the surrounding water phase the reaction system is schematically illustrated in Figure 11 [50,74], Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) containing FeCp-X (ferrocene [X = H] or decamethylferrocene [X = DCM]), a fluorescent dye (perylene [Pe 0.5 mM] or 9,10-diphenylanthracene [DPA 10 mM]), and TBA+TPB (lOmM) is dispersed in an aqueous solution containing TBA+Cr, MgS04 (0.1 M), and potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) (Fe(II) 0.2 mM) with a 1 500 (oil/water) weight ratio as a sample emulsion. 

In composite plastic microchannels, there is an additional problem of extra dispersion (Taylor dispersion) in EOF which is caused by the difference in zeta potentials of the different materials forming the channels [258]. Caged fluorescent dye (fluorescein bis[5-carboxymethyoxy-2-nitrobenzyl]ether dipotassium salt) was used to visualize the greater dispersion obtained in acrylic or composite channels due to non-uniformity in the surface charge density [259]. 

Figure 9.33 shows examples of SVLF spectra obtained by tuning a frequency-doubled dye laser to the 0q absorption band of the AlB3u — XlAg system of pyrazine (1,4-diazabenzene) and of perdeuteropyrazine. At a pressure of about 3 Torr the collision-free dispersed fluorescence is from only the zero-point level of the AlB3u state. 

Also, EOF velocity in plastic microchannels had been imaged using video imaging of caged fluorescent dye [92], Dispersion of the uncaged dye for microchannels composed of poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was similar to that found in fused silica capillaries. The calculated EOF mobilities in different mobile-phase systems for various channels (acrylic, PDMS, acrylic/PDMS hybrid) were similar. This work shows that EOF profile is similar in microfabricated devices and in capillary columns. 

In the case of mixing primarily due to turbulent diffusion and dispersion, the Fickian transport coefficients are essentially independent of the chemical, so that the values of D determined from tracer experiments can be applied to other chemicals of interest in the same river. Two types of commonly used tracers are salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), and fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine, which can be measured at very low concentrations. 

In another example of separating coal from slate, fluoranthene is dissolved in decylalcohol which is then dispersed into water. Results of separation of fluorescent dye coated coal particles from uncoated slate pieces using the Oxylore sorting machine are presented in Table ill. (3 )... 

Acid dyes Azoic colouring matters Basic dyes Developers Direct dyes Disperse dyes Fluorescent dyes Food dyes Ingrain dyes Leather dyes Mordant dyes Natural dyes Oxidation dyes Pigments Reactive dyes Reducing agents Solvent dyes Sulphur dyes Condense sulphur dyes Vat dyes... 

Figure 10. Mutual diffusion coefficients, of the two molecular populations of a fluorescent dye dispersed in poly(1-trimethyl-l-propyne) plotted as functions of reciprocal absolute temperature. The technique used was laser fluorescence photobleaching recovery.

When TRAMs are made on dispersed probes, tc will reflect the speed of rotation of the fluorophore [20,46,60,76], which can be related to the microviscosity of the medium. In the context of probing the structure of PMAA, the fluorescent dyes have been occluded in the hypercoiled conformation [46,60,76] allowing an estimate of the size of the rotating, solubilizing cluster to be derived from the resultant tc. Alternatively, if the fluorophore is covalently attached to the polyelectrolyte in the form of a label then, depending on its mode of attachment, information concerning motion of the chain ends [46,60,76], the backbone [26,88,112,113], and chain substituents [26,88] can be derived from tc. 

Stable activable tracers are powerful tools for the study of many environmental problems. Compared with fluorescent dyes or radiotracers, they offer many advantages that are reviewed herein. Our research group has emphasized the use of rare earth nuclides with short-lived activation products as stable activable tracers. Use of rare earth nuclides is cost-competitive with conventional tracers and allows rare earth "fingerprints to mark individual sources with subsequent simultaneous tracing of effluents from several sources. We present results from the application of these tracers to monitor pollutant dispersal from multiple industrial stacks, monitor fluid-bound pollutant dispersal in estuarine and fresh-water systems, monitor herbicide dispersal, and trace toxic organic chemicals in the marine environment. 

Conventional Tracers. A survey of the history of environmental science will show that tracers are important tools for the environmental scientist. They have been used to measure flow rates and dispersion coefficients, to follow the movement of materials through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and to characterize pollutant sources. Three principal types of tracer have been used in environmental science chemical tracers, such as NaCl, KHSO4, and K2CO3 radioactive tracers, such as H, and Br and fluorescent dyes, such as fluorescein, Rhodamine B, and Rhodamine WT. 

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