Direct solid sampling with electrothermal

Direct solids sampling with electrothermal evaporation can be performed by dispensing an aliquot of a slurry prepared from the sample into the furnace. The analytical procedure is then completely analoguous with the one with solutions (see e.g. Ref. [181]). However, powders can also be sampled with special dispensers,... 

Belarra, M.A., Resano, M., Vanhaecke, E, Moens, L. (2002) Direct solid sampling with electrothermal vaporization/atoinization what for and how TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21,828-839. 

Mixed Gas Plasmas. Water loading can be reduced by a desolvation system (condenser or membrane separator) only if the vast majority of the water can be removed. One way to eliminate the introduction of water into the plasma during measurement of the analyte signals is with electrothermal vaporization, laser ablation, or other direct solid sampling techniques. Mixed gas plasmas,... 

Broekaert J. A. C. and Leis F. (1985) An application of electrothermal evaporation using direct solids sampling coupled with microwave induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to elemental determinations in biological matrices, Mikrochim Acta II 261-272. 

Smoothing of data, 92,102,117, 120,122,123,414 Snell s law, 141-142 Solid samples. 227 direct analysis of with electrothermal atomizers, 235... 

Thermal evaporation of the analyte elements from the sample has long been used in atomic spectrometry. For instance, it had been applied by PreuE in 1940 [170], who evaporated volatile elements from a geological sample in a tube furnace and transported the released vapors into an arc source. In addition, it was used in so-called double arc systems, where selective volatilization was also used in direct solids analysis. Electrothermal vaporization became particularly important with the work of L vov et al. [171] and Massmann in Dortmund [172], who introduced elec-trothermally heated sytems for the determination of trace elements in dry solution residues by atomic absorption spectrometry of the vapor cloud. Since then, the idea has regularly been taken up for several reasons. 

Analysis of Solids with Electrothermal Atomizers In most methods based on electrothermal atomizers, samples are introduced as solutions. Several reports, however, have described the use of this type of atomizer for the direct analysis of solid samples. One way of performing such measurements is to weigh the finely ground sample into a graphite boat and insert the boat into the furnace manually. A second way is to prepare a slurry of the powdered sample by ultrasonic agitation in an aqueous medium. The slurry is then pipetted into the furnace for atomization. ... 

ICP emission spectroscopy is used primarily for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples that are dissolved or suspended in aqueous or organic liquids. The techniques for preparation of such solutions are similar to those described in Section 9D-1 for flame absorption methods. With plasma emission, however, it is possible to analyze solid samples directly. These procedures include incorporating electrothermal vaporization, laser and spark ablation, and glow-discharge vaporization, all of which were described in Section 8C-2, Suspensions of solids in solutions can... 

M. Resano, I. Gelaude, R. Dams, and F. Vanhaecke. Solid sampling-electrothermal vaporiza-tion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the direct determination of Hg in different materials using isotope dilution with a gaseous phase for calibration. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 60 319-326, 2005. 

Mitchell, P.G., Greene, B. and Sneddon, J. (1986) Direct determination of mercury in solid algal cells by direct-current argon-plasma emission spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization. Microchim. Acta, 1986 I, 249-258. 

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