Direct solid sampling with electrothermal evaporation

Direct solids sampling with electrothermal evaporation can be performed by dispensing an aliquot of a slurry prepared from the sample into the furnace. The analytical procedure is then completely analoguous with the one with solutions (see e.g. Ref. [181]). However, powders can also be sampled with special dispensers,... 

Broekaert J. A. C. and Leis F. (1985) An application of electrothermal evaporation using direct solids sampling coupled with microwave induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to elemental determinations in biological matrices, Mikrochim Acta II 261-272. 

Thermal evaporation of the analyte elements from the sample has long been used in atomic spectrometry. For instance, it had been applied by PreuE in 1940 [170], who evaporated volatile elements from a geological sample in a tube furnace and transported the released vapors into an arc source. In addition, it was used in so-called double arc systems, where selective volatilization was also used in direct solids analysis. Electrothermal vaporization became particularly important with the work of L vov et al. [171] and Massmann in Dortmund [172], who introduced elec-trothermally heated sytems for the determination of trace elements in dry solution residues by atomic absorption spectrometry of the vapor cloud. Since then, the idea has regularly been taken up for several reasons. 

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