Direct representation

This derivative of an averaged shape over a range of bond angles is the one we have adopted in conformational determinations of several small molecules.7 8 It attempts to give an overall impression of the space occupied by a molecule that is a direct representation of the data obtained by experiment. If the physical data arise from combinations of very different individual conformations,28 then this procedure is not expected to be possible.7 8... 

A different approach simulates the thermodynamic parameters of a finite spin system by using Monte Carlo statistics. Both classical spin and quantum spin systems of very large dimension can be simulated, and Monte Carlo many-body simulations are especially suited to fit a spin ensemble with defined interaction energies to match experimental data. In the case of classical spins, the simulations involve solving the equations of motion governing the orientations of the individual unit vectors, coupled to a heat reservoir, that take the form of coupled deterministic nonlinear differential equations.23 Quantum Monte Carlo involves the direct representation of many-body effects in a wavefunction. Note that quantum Monte Carlo simulations are inherently limited in that spin-frustrated systems can only be described at high temperatures.24... 

With the ECS threshold procedure, the primary measure is the mean electroshock intensity administered per group of 15 animals. If less current is required to induce a clonic-tonic convulsion after a particular treatment, this is reflected by a decrease in the mean intensity administered (proconvulsant effect). Conversely, if more current is required to induce a clonic-tonic convulsion, this is reflected by an increase in the mean intensity (anticonvulsant effect). In other words, the mean intensity administered is a direct representation of the electroconvulsive threshold. 

Individuals are the units upon which natural evolution operates, and also the unit manipulated in an EA, in which each individual is correlated with a distinct solution to the problem being studied. These individuals may be a direct representation of the solutions themselves in numeric or symbolic form, a list of atomic coordinates, for example, or they may instead be a coded form of that solution. Individuals are processed using evolution-like operations, the role of which is to gradually transform them from initial randomly chosen, and probably poor, solutions into optimum solutions. 

Scattering experiments are usually not very sensitive to structure. On the other hand the differential cross section for ionisation in a kinematic region where the plane-wave impulse approximation is valid gives a direct representation (10.31) of the structure of simple targets in the form of the momentum-space orbital of a target electron. 

Carbonyl groups have no direct representation in proton NMR spectra, so carbon NMR provides unique information for their analysis. The entire carbonyl chemical shift range. 8 160-220, is well removed from that of almost all other functional groups. Like aromatic ipso carbons and nitriles, carbonyl carbons other than those in aldehydes carry no attached protons and hence relax more slowly and tend to have low intensities. 

The second step was an analytical evaluation using the ADS and the other concepts of Cognitive Work Analysis [924, 1023]. Therewith, some additional design suggestions, e.g. direct representation of reaction path and material data to relieve the developers working memory, and constraints on usage, e.g. if the process design is done by more than one user, have been derived. 

This work is notable because it marks a departure of focus from the existing literature it concentrates on the fact that type information may conflict (rules 1 and 2) as well as the fact that some relationships that exist explicitly in the input schemas can be represented implicitly in the resulting schema (rules 3 and 5). This use of implicit relationships is featured prominently in later work, particularly in generic schema merging (Sect. 6). It is probably not a coincidence that this work, like the generic work, is not based in the relational model the more direct representation of relationships between schema elements allows the authors to deal with complex relationships without running into the undecidability result in Convent [1986],... 

The reciprocal lattice described in Chapter 2 consists of an array of points. Because a diffraction pattern is a direct representation of the reciprocal lattice, it is often useful to draw it as a weighted reciprocal lattice, in which the area allocated to each node is proportional to the structure factor FQikt) of each reflection, where... 

Because we use visual perception especially in immersive projection technology (IPT), we have to ask which product characteristics we can assess there. The product characteristics for which we can achieve reliable assessment differ between the real world and a virtual environment. Therefore, Table 2 ranks characteristics and their relative usefulness for direct representation and assessment in... 

When cracks extend in mode I loading in LEFM they release elastic strain energy in the surrounding stress field. The rate of release of such energy with crack extension can be considered as a generalized crack-driving force and is alternatively a direct representation of the work of fracture when a critical condition Gic for crack extension is reached. 

This procedure was first introduced by Sisson and Clark later perfected by Kratky and by the present writer et aP. It consist in determining the intensity of radiation along the circles as a function of the angular distance from the equator or from the meridian for the different interferences concerned. In as far as uniaxial fibre structure is concerned and merely the evaluation of average orientation is aimed at, the simplest procedure is to confine the measurements to the diatropic interferences. The intensity distribution along the diatropic sickles is — as mathematical analysis shows — a direct representation of the spatial distribution of the axes YY of the crystallites (Fig, 90). If the intensity distribution as a function of the angular distance from the meridian be given by J = F (a), then the orientation factor / of the crystallites may be computed from the equation ... 

This is an implicit relationship between molar fluxes and concentration gradients. However, it is possible to invert the Eq. 4.15 to develop a direct representation of molar fluxes Jk as... 

The direct representation of the Fourier equation is not possible in a Formal Graph because heat is energy (of the thermal variety) and not a state variable, and also because the heat flux does not correspond to a variable that can be represented in a Formal Graph. The solution consists of taking recourse to state variables of the thermal variety that are the entropy S (basic quantity), the temperature T (effort), and the entropicflow fs (also called entropy production rate). The variation of entropy is linked to the variation of heat according to the energy-per-entity times the variation of entity number... 

Later in the progression of tasks for microworld 2, students go on to thinking in terms of the speed and direction representation of motion, and to understanding how orthogonal velocity components combine to determine the speed and direction of the dot s motion. For example, in... 

Effectiveness of dispersants is relatively easy to measure in the laboratory, however, there are many nuances in testing procedures [6]. One concern is that these tests are representative of real conditions. Since it is impossible to mimic all conditions directly, it is important to both consider the important factors such as sea energy and salinity while considering the laboratory tests as a form of screening or representative value, rather than a direct representation of what can be obtained in the field. Field measurements of dispersant effeetiveness are also fraught with difficulty because it is very difficult to measure the eoneentration of oil in the water column over wide distances in appreciably small times, because there are no commonly available oil slick thickness measures with which to assess the amount of oil remaining on the surfaee and because of the fact that the sub-surface oil often moves differently than the surface slick. Any field measurement at this time is best viewed as an estimate. Actual dispersant effectiveness is very difficult to assess for the same reasons. Effectiveness is indicated by the presence of a coffee-coloured dispersed-oil plume in the water column. This is visible from ships and aircraft. Lack of the coffee-coloured plume indicates no or very little effectiveness. 

After indexing the crystal through the angles, faces and directions one should found the most appropriate representation for formulating their relationships. Firstly, one should choose a uniform representation for the planes and directions representation a convenient choice is the normal lines to the planes as representatives of those planes. Then we chose a uniform representation system of various crystalline habitus, for any form... 

The second part of this section is based on Faraday s law, which states that the rate of thickness reduction is a measure of corrosion rate, which in turn, is a direct representation of stmctural damage. Let s start with the rate of weight loss equation given by eq. (3.10e)... 

We have developed a new photochemical open reactor of the CSTR type (RePAC for Reacteur Photochimique Agite Continu, (4)). Its main chararacteristic is that is open to both matter and energy (3,4). Reactants are supplied continuously by two linear pumps, and the reaction mixture is irradiated from a mercury vapor lamp via a fiber optic cable fitted with an interference filter. The ouput is fed directly into a microcuvette contained in a diode array spectrophotometer (HP 8541). This is connected to a computer terminal for direct representation of absorbance as a funtion of time. 

Fig. 2 Spectral imaging of fluorescence signals. Contributions of CFP, GFP and YFP to eight successive spectral channels are shown. The distribution of emission signal to the channels is a direct representation of the fluorophore emission spectrum and constitutes a spectral signature. With linear unmixing using these spectral signatures as reference, even combined and mixed signals can be clearly separated into the fluorophores that contribute to the total signal...

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