Direct ink writing

Lewis JA. (2006) Direct ink writing of 3D functional materials. Adv Funct Mater 16 2193-2204. 

A direct-write assembly is a fabrication method that employs a controlled translation stage, which moves a pattern-generating device, for example, ink deposition nozzle, to create materials with controlled architecture and composition [4], Arbitrary 3D structures can be prepared by this method. For the pol3rmeric ink solidification occurs either upon deposition into a coagulating reservoir or UV exposure. This method can be characterized to be bioinspired because they copy a nature process - direct ink writing in the form of spider webs. 

The direct ink writing of three-dimensional ceramic structures has been reviewed (20). Both droplet- and filament-based direct ink writing techniques have been detailed. Various ink designs and their corresponding rheological behavior, ink deposition mechanics, potential shapes and the toolpaths required, and representative examples of 3D ceramic structures have been presented. 

Xu, M., Gratson, G.M., Duoss, E.B., Shepherd, R.F. and Lewis, J.A. (2005) Biomimetic silicification of 3D polyamine-rich scaffolds assembled by direct ink writing. Soji Matter, 2, 205. 

The electrodes employed for recording steady and infra-slow potentials must of course be non-polarizing, since fluctuations in electrochemical potentials can introduce significant measurement errors. Direct current amplifiers are used to amplify steady and infra-slow potentials. One of the main requirements for ampli-fio is a small spontaneous drift of the output voltage. When an ink-writing apparatus is utilized the sensitivity of the direct current amplifiers may be 10-20 times Iowa- than that of the electroencephalographic amplifiers. 

Controlled delivery of collections of molecules onto a substrate with nanometre resolution can be achieved with the tip of an AFM. This positive printing mode technique is called dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and its working principle is illustrated in Fig. 3.27. DPN uses an AFM tip as a nanopencil, a substrate as the paper and molecules with a chemical affinity for the substrate as the ink. Capillary transport of molecules from the AFM tip to the solid substrate is used in DPN to directly write patterns consisting of a relatively small collection of molecules in submicrometre dimensions. The hrst example introducing the technique was the transfer of octadecanethiol onto gold surfaces (Piner et al, 1999). 

Enter all your observations of the experimental work and conclusions in a laboratory notebook that is a document reflecting all your work. Write your surname, initials, class number and the name of the course on the cover or first page of the notebook. Make all entries only in ink, concisely, accurately, and legibly, directly after performing an experiment. The writeup must contain the following information ... 

Before Lewis, towards the close of the last ceijtury, directed his attention to the subject, no author appears to have particularly applied himself to inquire into the theory of the composition, of ink, or to bring it to perfection, All that la to be found in the works of previous writers, consists merely of formulae for various kinds of ink, which, being composed without any attention to chemical laws, were more or less defective so that it may be truly said, that until tho time of Lewis, the preparation of writing fluids, the properties of which it is so essential to attend to, was left entirely to chance, or to empirical prescriptions. 

In contrast to writing, drawing, marking, and conventional printing methods, inkjet printing is a true primary, non-impact process. Liquid ink droplets are ejected from a nozzle under digital control and directed onto surfaces such as paper, plastics, metals, ceramics, and textiles to form a character or image [2,3],... 

Generally, ink dyes for ink jet applications and writing, drawing, or marking materials are selected from food, acid, direct, sulfur, and reactive dyes. The choice of dye depends on the application and the ink used, whether it is aqueous, solvent based, or hot melt, and on the printer type continuous ink jet or drop-on-demand, piezo or thermal inkjet. 

Park BP, Kim D, Jeong S, Moon J, Kim JS. (2007) Direct writing of copper conductive patterns by ink-jet printing. Thin Solid Films 515(19) 7706-7711 (Proceedings of Symposium I on Thin films for large area electronics, MERS 2007). 

Duoss EB, Twardowski M, Lewis J. (2007) Sol-gel inks for direct-write assembly of functional oxides. Adv Mater 19 4238-4243. 

Our gustiness meter measured the angle of the vertical displacement from the horizontal. The British bivane measured the full width of the vertical ink tracings, which is twice the upward directed component that we used, and the bivane was smaller and had a much shorter length from vane to swivel point than our instrument. These two features explained why the readings of the two gustiness meters differed by a constant value. For the rest of this chapter, I write within parentheses the British bivane measurements multiplied by the factor 0.23 for measurements not made by our group. 

The basic concept is that the migration of ions from the ink is directly proportional to time. This would allow dating the application of ink rather than dating the writing support, which seemed to have merit. Although... 

Burkert K, Neumann T, Wang JJ, Jonas U, Knoll W, Ottleben H (2007) Automated preparation method for colloidal crystal arrays of monodisperse and binary colloid mixtures by contact printing with a pintool plotter. Langmuir 23 3478 Park J, Moon J, Shin H, Wang D, Park M (2006) Direct-write fabrication of colloidal photonic crystal microarrays by ink-jet printing. J Colloid Interface Sci 298 713 Gu ZZ, Kubo S, Fujishima A, Sato O (2002) Infiltration of colloidal crystal with nanoparticles using capillary forces a simple technique for the fabrication of films with an ordered porous structime. Appl Phys A 74 127... 

INK-JET AS DIRECT-WRITE TECHNOLOGY FOR FUEL CELL PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING... 

Ink-Jet as Direct- Write Technology for Fuel Cell Packaging... 

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