Direct impact/dependence

Terrestrial ecosystems (plants and animals) under water scarcity suffer from water stress, and aquatic ecosystems of intermittency in water flow. Water scarcity has implications on hydrologic resources and systems coimectivity, as well as negative side-effects on biodiversity, water quality, and river ecosystem functioning. Finally, water scarcity has also direct impacts on citizens and economic sectors that use and depend on water, such as agriculture, tourism, industry, energy and transport. 

Atmospheric aerosols have a direct impact on earth s radiation balance, fog formation and cloud physics, and visibility degradation as well as human health effect[l]. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the formation of ambient aerosol, which are composed mostly of sulfates, nitrates and ammoniums in either pure or mixed forms[2]. These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature and exhibit the properties of deliquescence and efflorescence in humid air. That is, relative humidity(RH) history and chemical composition determine whether atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid. Aerosol physical state affects climate and environmental phenomena such as radiative transfer, visibility, and heterogeneous chemistry. Here we present a mathematical model that considers the relative humidity history and chemical composition dependence of deliquescence and efflorescence for describing the dynamic and transport behavior of ambient aerosols[3]. 

Oral bioavailability of a drug is primarily dependent upon its rate and extent of drug absorption and systemic clearance. Systemic clearance is primarily composed of hepatic, renal and biliary clearance. The PK properties are in turn directly impacted by the drug s physical properties, such as, log P, log D and pKa. The physical properties are in turn a function of the compound s structure, molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, and number of rotatable bonds. Oral bioavailability is the outcome from the dynamic interplay of these factors in the biological system. 

It is dear all experiments follow a design—either the data collection phase is consdmsly planned or fate will run its course. This is critical to realize because the experiments have a direct impact on the results. For example, it is not possibfcto estimate a slope and intercept with only one data point (a minimum of tw are required). Another simple example of poor planning is to calibrate a viscometer without compensating for varying temperature. Because viscosity depend on temperature, this information is needed to construct the... 

The economic impact of LIMS technology in the QA/QC lab is primarily produced by its ability to speed the delivery of dependable information to those responsible for making immediate decisions regarding the purchase, production, and sale of product. Since the QA/QC lab budget may be relatively small compared with product production costs the improvement in laboratory staff productivity which LIMS offers, may be secondary in importance to its more direct impact on product costs and revenues. 

In this paper the authors have focused on the main question how has the EU gas directive impacted on gas exporters We have shown that core elements of the Gas Directive are allocated to rules for how to obtain access to essential systems. In a Norwegian context, the main question is thus how shall Norwegian authorities regulate access to the Norwegian transportation system for natural gas. Such regulation is off course of great importance, as the gas exporters are fully dependent on such transportation services in order to sell their gas in the downstream market. 

The pressure sensitivity of a detector is extremely important as it is one of the detector parameters that determines both the long term noise and the drift. As it influences long term noise, it will also have a direct impact on detector sensitivity or minimum detectable concentration together with those other characteristics that depend on detector sensitivity. Certain detectors are more sensitive to changes in pressure than others. The katherometer detector, which is used frequently for the detection of permanent gases in GC, can be very pressure sensitive as can the LC refractive index detector. Careful design can minimize the effect of pressure but all bulk property detectors will tend to be pressure sensitive. 

If the PEM fuel cell is preceded by a reformer, there will be additional impacts, depending on the fuel and equipment used. The same is true for direct methanol fuel cells, with a dependence on the way methanol is produced, based on natural gas or bioenergy. 

Effect of Pressure on Reaction Rate Constant Pressure can have a direct impact on the reaction rate through its effect on the reaction rate constant. The pressure dependence of the reaction rate constant and unusual partial molar behavior of a solute in a SCF can result in enhancement of the reaction rate in the critical region of the mixture (136). According to the transition state theory (172, 173), pressure enhances the rate of a reaction if the activation volume (difference in the partial molar volumes of the activated complex and the reactants) is negative, whereas the reaction is hindered by pressure if the activation volume is positive. 

The microstructure of ceramic honeycombs not only affects physical properties like CTE, strength, and structural modulus, but has a strong bearing on substrate/washcoat interaction, which, in turn, affects the performance and durability of the catalytic converter [28-30]. The coefficient of thermal expansion, strength, fatigue, and structural modulus of the honeycomb substrate (which also depend on cell orientation and temperature) have a direct impact on its mechanical and thermal durability [22). Finally, since all of the physical properties are affected by washcoat formulation, washcoat loading, and washcoat processing, they must be evaluated before and after the application of washcoat to assess converter durability [28-30]. 

Supplier—the supplier process is essential for the proper functioning of the core process. The quality of the core process depends to a large degree on the quality of incoming raw and packaging materials. The goal is supplier partnership. The quality of the supplier s own processes directly impacts the quality of your core process. 

MODELS OF RADIATION DAMAGE MECHANISMS Direct impact vs. defect accnlnnlation models A modified model of direct impact amorphization Temperatnre-dependence of the amorphization dose The effects of ion mass and energy... 

The fa vs. D curves generated from the various models have been compared with the limited amount of experimental data to infer which type of model, e.g. direct impact vs. double overlap, is most applicable. As shown in Figure 7, the measured dependence of fa on D for Cm-doped Ca2Nd8(Si04)602 is consistent with the predicted curve for the direct impact model for ion-irradiated zircon, the measured dependence offa on D is consistent with the double-overlap model SrTiOs, the defect accumulation model (Weber 2000). It has been generally accepted that for heavy ion irradiations, especially at low temperatures, the amorphization process in ceramic materials is the result of amorphization within the cascade. For lighter ions (or electrons and neutrons) or at high temperatures, the dominant mechanism is considered to be cascade-overlap or defect accumulation. 

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