Direct anode catalysts

Dinh FIN, Ren X, Garzon FTF, Zelenay P, Gottesfeld S. 2000. Electrocatalysis in direct methanol fuel cells in-situ probing of FTRu anode catalyst surfaces. J Electroanal Chem 491 ... 

Vigier F, Coutanceau C, Perrard A, Belgsir EM, Lamy C. 2004b. Development of anode catalysts for a direct ethanol fuel cell. J Appl Electrochem 34 439-446. 

Zhou WJ, Li WZ, Song SQ, Zhou ZH, Jiang LH, Sun GQ, Xin Q, Poulianitis K, Kontou S, Tsiakaras P. 2004a. Bi- and tri-metaUic Pt-based anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 131 217-223. 

Chu, D., Wang, S., Zheng, P., Wang, J., Zha, L Hou, Y He, J., Xiao, Y Lin, H and Tian, Z. (2009) Anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells utilizing directly solar light illumination. ChemSusChem,... 

This survey focuses on recent developments in catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In PAFC, operating at 160-220°C, orthophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte, the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can be a bimetallic system like Pt/Cr/Co. For this purpose, a bimetallic colloidal precursor of the composition Pt50Co30Cr20 (size 3.8 nm) was prepared by the co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts [184-186], From XRD analysis, the bimetallic particles were found alloyed in an ordered fct-structure. The elecbocatalytic performance in a standard half-cell was compared with an industrial standard catalyst (bimetallic crystallites of 5.7 nm size) manufactured by co-precipitation and subsequent annealing to 900°C. The advantage of the bimetallic colloid catalysts lies in its improved durability, which is essential for PAFC applicabons. After 22 h it was found that the potential had decayed by less than 10 mV [187],... 

Steigerwalt, S.E. et al., A Pt-Ru/graphitic carbon nanofiber nanocomposite exhibiting high relative performance as a direct-methanol fuel cell anode catalyst, J. Phys. Chem. B., 105, 8097, 2001. 

Mu, Y., et al., Controllable Ptnanoparticle deposition on carbon nanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005.109(47) ... 

R. X. Liu, and E. S. Smotkin, Array membrane electrode assemblies for high throughput screening of direct methanol fuel cell anode catalysts, J. Electroanal. Chem. 535, 49-55 (2002). 

Carbon-Supported Core-Shell PtSn Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization and Performance as Anode Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell... 

FIGURE 15.9. Performance comparison of RSn anode based direct ethanol fuel cells at 90°C. Anode catalysts Carbon supported PtSn with a R loading of 1.5 mg/cm, ethanol concentration 1.0 mol/L, flow rate 1.0 mL/min. Cathode (20 Pt wt.%, Johnson Matthey Inc.) with a R loading of 1.0 mg/cm, Pq2 = 2 bar. Electrolyte Naflon -115 membrane. 

Cao, D., Bergens, S.H. 2004. Pt-Ru j , nanoparticles as anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 134 170-180. 

This section addresses the role of chemical surface bonding in the electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide, CO, formic acid, and methanol as examples of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organics into C02 and water. The (electro)oxidation of these small Cl organic molecules, in particular CO, is one of the most thoroughly researched reactions to date. Especially formic acid and methanol [130,131] have attracted much interest due to their usefulness as fuels in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane direct liquid fuel cells [132] where liquid carbonaceous fuels are fed directly to the anode catalyst and are electrocatalytically oxidized in the anodic half-cell reaction to C02 and water according to... 

In a fuel cell, inductance is usually caused by the adsorbed species on the electrode surface. For example, in a direct methanol fuel cell, adsorption of CO on the anode catalyst can at low frequencies result in an inductance loop. 

Havranek A, Wippermann K (2004) Determination of proton conductivity in anode catalyst layers of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). J Electroanal Chem 567(2) 305-15... 

Reddington et al. (66) reported the synthesis and screening of a 645-member discrete materials library L9 as a source of catalysts for the anode catalysis of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), with the relevant goal of improving their properties as fuel cells for vehicles and other applications. The anode oxidation in DMFCs is reported in equation 1 (Fig. 11.12). At the time of the publication, state-of-the-art anode catalysts were either binary Pt-Ru alloys (67) or ternary Pt-Ru-Os alloys (68). A systematic exploration of ternary or higher order alloys as anode catalysts for DMFCs was not available, and predictive models to orient the efforts were also lacking. 

Platinum, ruthenium and PtRu alloy nanoparticles, prepared by vacuum pyrolysis using Pt(acac)2 and Ru(acac)3 as precursors, were applied as anode catalysts for direct methanol oxidation . The nanoparticles, uniformly dispersed on multiwaUed carbon nanotubes, were all less than 3.0 nm in size and had a very narrow size distribution. The nanocomposite catalysts showed strong electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation, which can... 

This survey focuses on recent catalyst developments in phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the previously mentioned direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A PAFC operating at 160-220 °C uses orthophosphoric acid as the electrolyte the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can... 

Figure 2 shows the material cost ( /kilowatt electrical [kWe]) versus cathode platinum loading for stacks operating at 3 atmospheres, 160°C, and 0.8 volts with direct hydrogen and reformate. Assumptions in this analysis include use of an alloy catalyst having a kinetic activity two times that of platinum, a unit cell resistance of 0.1 ohm centimeter squared (cm ), and an anode catalyst loading equal to one half the cathode loading. 

---