Diptera species

Histamine (136) is detected in mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex (Culicidae) beside uric acid (95) in the former (Tables VI and VIII). Catecholamines such as adrenaline (132), noradrenaline (133), and dopamine (134) are found in the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica (Muscidae) (Table VIII). Some pteridines are found in species of the genera Cnephia (Simuliidae) and Piophila (Piophilidae) and in other Diptera. Species of the genus Glossina (Glossinidae) contain uric acid (95) (Table VI). 

Dai, J. and Chesmore, D. (2005) Identification of Diptera species by image analysis of wing venation. Royal Entomological Society National Meeting Entomology 2005, 12-14 September 2005, University of Sussex Royal Entomological Society. 

Table VI. The knockdown power of the organofluorine insecticides has been determined principally against members of the Diptera order and by a limited number of workers. There is general agreement that DFDT acts more rapidly than DDT, at least against those species with which they have been compared. Prill 92) found that twice the amount of DFDT compared to DDT was required to give the same knockdown against houseflies when tested by a space spray technique with added pyrethrins. The forced contact method of Fay and Buckner 27) revealed that without added pyrethrins DFDT was a more powerful knockdown agent than DDT.

OBPs were initially identified in Lepidoptera and later isolated and/or cloned from various insect orders, namely, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera ([16] and references therein). Recently, they have been identified from a primitive termite species [ 17], thus, suggesting that this gene family is distributed throughout the Neopteran orders. The three orders most... 

The Aedes aegypti (Diptera Culicidae) mosquito is the primary vector in transmitting dengue and yellow fever. Insecticide use has been the primary method of control of this and other mosquitoe species. Piperine [(T,. S )- -piperoyl-piperidine], is the major constituent in Piper nigrum... 

Additional ocurrences as follows Pteridines occur in other Lepidoptera (204,310,311), Diptera (312), and Hemiptera (107,313,314), and other insects (50,315). Uric acid is found in other Drosophila species (253,316), other cockroaches (285,287-292), and other insects (317-321). Guanine occurs in other scorpions (322-324), spiders (322,325,326), and ticks (308,327). 

The use of allomones to attract prey is not restricted to adult or last instar stages of M. hutchinsoni. Because juvenile spiderlings are too small to catch moths, they attract moth flies (Diptera Psychodidae). They do not use a bolas but instead seize their prey with their forelegs (Yeargan and Quate, 1996), and each spider species specializes on a specific prey species. Allomones that might mediate the attraction of prey have not yet been identified, and, indeed, the possible pheromones of psychodid moth flies are still largely unknown. To date, homosesquiterpene pheromones have been identified only from psychodid sandflies in the... 

Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates both vitellogenesis and pheromone production in some insect species (Tillman et al., 1999). In some Diptera, including the housefly, ovarian-produced ecdysteroids are involved in regulating vitellogenesis (Hagedom, 1985 Adams et al., 1997) at the transcriptional level (Martin et al., 2001). Because ovariectomy abolished sex pheromone production while alletectomy (which abolishes JH production) had no effect on pheromone production (Blomquist et al., 1992), it was therefore hypothesized that an ecdysteroid, and not JH,... 

OBPs have now been identified from numerous species of several insect Orders, including Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (holometabolous insects), as well as Hemiptera and Phasmatodea (ametabolous insects). A recent classification defining OBP-Typel and OBP-Type 2 has been proposed by Vogt et al. (1999), based on phylogeny, tissue localization and structural features. 

The arrival of blowflies, and subsequently their larvae, is followed quickly by the arrival of the flesh flies (Diptera Sarcophagidae), other carrion flies (Diptera Muscidae), and predaceous beetle species such as rove beetles (Coleoptera Staphylinidae), carrion beetles (Silphidae), clown beetles (Histeridae), skin beetles (Dermestidae), and checkered beetles (Cleridae). A variety of other fly families may be found in association with the body, and hide beetles (Trogidae) and larvae of some of the aforementioned beetle groups may feed on carrion itself, often on remains of hair, skin, and clothing in late decomposition (Smith 1986). 

Initial reports on arthropods associated with buried remains arose from the opportunity provided by cemetery exhumations to identify insect fauna in the grave. One of the first published entomological studies of buried human remains reported on the various insect fauna encountered in 150 disinterments (Motter 1898). The study was useful in providing information on both the fauna of the graves and the stages of decomposition encountered upon exhumation (Bornemissza 1957). The majority of species identified were from orders Diptera and Coleoptera however, a comprehensive list of other identified species was also included for each disinterment. 

Carlson, D.A. and Service, M. W. (1979). Differentiation between species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera Culicdae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 73, 589-592. 

Hydrocarbons (HC) act as pheromones in a variety of orders including the Dictyoptera (Jurenka et al., 1989 Schal et al., 1994 Lihoreau and Rivault, 2009), Coleoptera (Ginzel et al., 2003, 2006), Hymenoptera (Howard, 1993 Le Conte and Hefetz, 2008), Diptera (Carlson et al., 1971 Antony and Jallon, 1982 Blomquist et al., 1987) and several lepi-dopteran species (Roelofs and Carde, 1971 Millar, 2000). In most insects, they are present on the cuticle and are synthesized in large cells called oenocytes located within or under the abdominal integument (Diehl, 1975 Ferveur et al., 1997 Schal et al., 1998 Fan et al., 2003). In Lepidoptera, their synthesis occurs in tissues associated with the abdominal tegument (possibly oenocytes), and they are then released into a sex pheromone gland (Schal et al., 1998). 

Diptera. Some dipteran species are farm pests. In the event of fruit fly infestation, the species must be identified quickly. If adult flies are absent, accurate identification of larvae can be difficult or impossible on the basis of morphological characters. One study has shown that the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, have different CHC patterns at the larval stage and thus can be easily distinguished from each other (Sutton and Steck, 1994). This finding suggests that hydrocarbon analysis could be extended to identification of other species with high economic impact. 

It is tempting to speculate that differences in hydrocarbon phenotypes are correlated with speciation. These variations have been shown to be important for mating or species recognition in a number of species (Drosophilidae and Culicidae in Diptera, Isoptera, etc.). However, it cannot be ruled out that these differences act on the quantity of a specific hydrocarbon and are due to environmental factors affecting hydrocarbon production. In some cases, hydrocarbon production seems to be inherited, suggesting that external factors may not be the only parameters involved. Hybridism and, on the contrary, sexual isolation, can be used to illustrate that chemotaxonomy has an evolutionary basis. This section presents different examples in various orders to illustrate this issue, i.e., Diptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera. 

Analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons among species of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex (Diptera Culicidae)../. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 13 Suppl, 103-111. 

Mahamat, H. and Hassanali, A. (1998). Cuticular hydrocarbon composition analysis for taxonomic differentiation of phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera Psychodidae) in Kenya../. Med. Entomol., 35,778-781. 

Phillips, A., Sabatini, A., Milligan, P. J.M., Boccolini, D., Broomsfield, G. and Molyneux, D. H. (1990a). The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera Culicidae) comparison of the hydrocarbon profiles determined in adults of five palaeartic species. Bull. Entomol. Res., 80,459M64. 

This model has come to dominate our understanding of chemical communication in Diptera, in particular those signals involved in courtship and mating. In fact, most dipteran species do not fit the Musca model. Although some species, like houseflies, show a marked qualitative sexual dimorphism, many species express only quantitative variation for compounds shared by both sexes (Bartelt et al., 1986 Jallon and David, 1987 Toolson and Kuper-Simbron, 1989 Byrne et al., 1995), while in other species adults of both sexes appear to be virtually identical (Stoffolano et al., 1997 Howard et al., 2003). Furthermore, there are relatively few examples of the kind of rigorous demonstration of a pheromonal role for CHCs that was established in Musca (e.g. Carlson et al., 1984 Adams and Holt, 1987 Ferveur and Sureau, 1996 Lacaille et al., 2007). 

---