Dimethyl formamide toxicity

Various organic solvents are used, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl-formamide, ethanol and acetone. The volume added must not be toxic to cells. Greater than 10% water v/v can be toxic because of nutrient dilution and osmolality changes. 

Caution. Concentrated hydrobromic acid is corrosive, volatile (fumes in air), and toxic. Diethyl ether, diglyme, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide are flammable and toxic. Triphenylphosphine oxide is toxic. Use safety gloves and goggles, avoid inhalations of vapors and dust, and conduct all operations in a well-ventilated hood far from ignition sources. 

Class 2 solvents should be limited in pharmaceutical processes because of their inherent toxicity and include more chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as di-chloromethane, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and methanol. 

Some pesticides are sufficiently soluble in water to permit their formulation in water. However, this may not be done unless hydrolytic stability and toxicity hazard are favorable. Instead, such compounds are dissolved in a water-miscible solvent to avoid hydrolysis and then mixed with water before application. Examples of such formulations are Azodrin WMC (formulated in hexylene glycol) and Lannate WMC (formulated in dimethyl formamide and methyl alcohol). 

Violent reaction with alcohols, N-aryl sulfinamides, dimethyl formamide, polychlorobiphenyl, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid + dinitroanilines. Incandescent reaction when warmed with cesium oxide (above 150°), tellurium, arsenic, tungsten dioxide. Potentially dangerous reaction with hydrocarbons + Lewis acids releases toxic and reactive HCl gas. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation and ingestion. A corrosive eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Potentially explosive reaction with water evolves hydrogen chloride and phosphine, which then ignites. Explosive reaction with 2,6-dimethylpyridine N-oxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ferrocene-1,1 -dicarboxylic acid, pyridine N-oxide (above 60°C), sodium -L heat. Violent reaction or ignition with BI3, carbon disulfide, 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole + dimethyl formamide, organic matter, zinc powder. Reacts with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes. Incompatible with carbon disulfide, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, 2,6-dimethylpyridine N-oxide, dimethylsulfoxide, ferrocene-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, water, zinc. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of Cl" and POx. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and intravenous routes. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Experimental reproductive effects. A corrosive. A skin and severe eye irritant. An allergen. Has been reported as causing irritation of mucous membranes and heart rhythm disturbances in humans. Violent reaction with water -(above 30°C), acetone + water, methanol, methanol + sodium hydrogen carbonate, 2-ethoxyethanol, dimethyl formamide, 3-butanone + sodium hydroxide + water, allyl alcohol + sodium hydroxide + water (at 28°C). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CL and NOx. See also CHLORIDES. 

Jacob JS, Rosen ES, Young E. Report on the presence of a toxic substance, dimethyl formamide, in sodium fluorescein used for fluorescein angiography. Br J Ophthalmol 1982 66(9) 567-8. 

HAZARD RISK Corrosive asphyxiating combustion and decomposition emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas explosion hazard with dimethyl formamide above 65°C NFPA Code not available. 

Stationary phases of silica gel are most often used but alumina is a suitable alternative. A wide range of development solvents have been reported, many of which use chemicals (benzene, chloroform) considered undesirable today on account of their toxic properties. Mixtures of solvents are invariably required, such as chloroform/methanol benzene/chloroform/ethanol ethyl acetate/dimethyl-formamide/ethanol benzene/acetone/diethyl ether chloroform/acetone/acetic acid and chloroform/ethanol. 

The SEs were first synthesized in 1956 by Osipow and coworkers [101] by the transesterification reaction between sucrose and a methyl ester of a fatty acid in the presence of a basic catalyst and dimethyl formamide (Fig. 41). However, because of the toxicity of DMF and other similar solvents, and because of the difficulty in removing DMF, from the reaction product, other methods were investigated. One of these methods, a microemulsion process, used sucrose, the methyl ester of a fatty acid, propylene glycol, sodium soap, and a potassium carbonate catalyst, all entailing time-consuming and costly steps [102,103]. 

Dimethyl formamide (DMF) is a well-known organic solvent having applications in various sectors such as plastics, pharmaceutics, paint industries and peptide synthesis. Catalytic carbonylation is the commonly used procees for DMF synthesis. Replacing toxic CO by renewable COj has attained much attention. Raney nickel was first used for this purpose and found to be an effective catalyst for the reaction between dimethyl ammine, CO and in... 

Class 2 solvents should be used only sparingly in pharmaceutical processes because of inherent toxicity. They include acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, methanol, and dichloromethane. 

Acetylferrocene Highly Toxic Ferrocene, acetyl-(9) (1271-55-2) N,N-Dimethyl1ormamide Cancer Suspect Agent Formamide, N,N-dimethyl-(8,9) (68-12-2)... 

The mechanism of toxicity of formamide is not known the response profile is quite different from the better studied dimethyl derivative. 

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