2.3- Dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonic acid

Aposhian, H.V., Bmce, D.C., Alter, W., Dart, R.C., Hurlbut, K.M., Aposhian, M.M. (1992). Urinary mercury after administration of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonic acid correlation with dental amalgam score. EASES J. 6 2472-6. 

Aposhian. 1992a. Urinary mercury after administration of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonic acid Correlation with dental amalgam score. FASEB J. 6(7) 2472-2476. 

Heavy metal poisoning is treated by substances with a complexing effect, which immobilise the metal ions prior to excretion. Examples of these chelating agents are 2,3-dimercaptopropan-l-ol (known as Dimercaprol or British Anti-Lewisite, abbreviated BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonic acid... 

BAL is lipid soluble and it has the ability to remove metal deposits not available to attack by other chelators. More effective and less toxic compounds have since become available these include vicinal dithiols, other dithiols, aminocarboxylic acids, cysteine derivatives, and others. Unithiol (sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate DMPS) forms very stable, water soluble complexes with Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Bi3+, As3+, Sb2+ and Ni2+. The complexes are nearly all less toxic than... 

Antidotal effects of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonic (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA) acids on the toxicity of dibutyltin dichloride in rats were... 

Normally British Antilewisite (2,3-dimercaptopropa-nol BAL), administered intramuscularly, is used as an antidote for mercury poisoning. Oral D-penicilla-mine has been used for less severe cases. The Tacetyl derivative has been tested with good results. Experimentally, oral m-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and the less toxic 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate are more effective than BAL. 

Treatment of mercury poisoning requires removal from the exposure followed by chelation. New chelation methods that use Ai-acetylpenicillamine, 2,3,-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate, or di-mercaptosuccinic acid replaced early uses of British Anti-Lewisite and D-penicillamine (Marsh 1985). British Anti-Lewisite (2,3-di-mercaptopropanol) increases cerebral organic mercury in some cases (Goetz 1985). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid does not displace mercury and worsens the renal toxicity of mercury (Goetz 1985). 

BAL was developed during the Second World War as an antidote for arsenic-containing chemical weapons. DMPS (2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate) and DMSA (2,3-dimercaptosucci-nic acid) are similarly effective. D-Penicillinamine— also a metal scavanger—is recommended on account of fewer side effects. The donation is employed 12-48 hr after BAL therapy. Besides As elimination predominant precautions are control of water and electrolyte loss (4,11,39,51, 52,91,96,119,120,123,124]. 

Two compounds closely related to BAL which have been examined as arsenic antidotes for arsenic are the vicinal dithiols meso-2,3-dimercaptosuc-cinic acid (DMSA) and sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate (DMPS) (Aposhian et al. 1984). Both of these compounds form five-membered chelate rings with typical trivalent arsenic compounds (O Connor et al. 1989). These vicinal dithiols do not have identical binding constants for trivalent arsenic. The relative order of binding (O Connor et al. 1990) is BAL DMPS > DMSA, with the binding constants for BAL and DMPS for arsenic being about ten times greater than the constant for DMSA. 

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