Differences between Rice Production Systems

Little CH4 was emitted during the fallows. This study demonstrates that rice soils in the fallow periods can be significant sources of N2O. 

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The result of PROSUITE calculation shows that there is no difference between impacts of coal-fired electricity and rice husk-based electricity on social well-being at an economy-wide scale, while there is a small difference at a functional unit scale. This can be explained by the small contribution of the product system on the whole economy and society. Moreover, it is surprising that both product systems do not contribute to the social inequity at regional as well as global levels. Details of social well-being impacts can be found in Table 14.7. 

Being similar to the impact on social well-being, the result of PROSUITE shows that there is no difference between coal-fired electricity and rice husk-based electricity because of the small share of the products system to the economy. In other words, replacing coal-based electricity with rice husk-based electricity does not bring any positive change (in terms of prosperity) to the economy. Details of prosperity impacts are presented in Table 14.7. 

Two main approaches to the control of molecules using wave interference in quantum systems have been proposed and developed in different languages . The first approach (Tannor and Rice 1985 Tannor et al. 1986) uses pairs of ultrashort coherent pulses to manipulate quantum mechanical wave packets in excited electronic states of molecules. These laser pulses are shorter than the coherence lifetime and the inverse rate of the vibrational-energy redistribution in molecules. An ultrashort pulse excites vibrational wave packets, which evolve freely until the desired spacing of the excited molecular bond is reached at some specified instant of time on a subpicosecond timescale. The second approach is based on the wave properties of molecules as quantum systems and uses quantum interference between various photoexcitation pathways (Brumer and Shapiro 1986). Shaped laser pulses can be used to control this interference with a view to achieving the necessary final quantum state of the molecule. The probability of production of the necessary excited quantum state and the required final product depends, for example, on the phase difference between two CW lasers. Both these methods are based on the existence of multiple interfering pathways from the initial... 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

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