258 - dietary supplements applications

Mordenite and cHnoptiloHte are used in small volume in adsorbent applications including air separation and in drying and purification [24]. Natural zeolites have also found use in bulk applications as fillers in paper, in pozzolanic cements and concrete, in fertihzer and soil conditioners and as dietary supplements in animal husbandry. 

A. Levina, R. Codd, and P. A. Lay, Chromium in cancer and dietary supplements, in G. Hanson and L. Berliner, (Eds.) High Resolution EPR. Applications to Metalloenzymes and Metals in Medicine, Biological Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 28, Springer, New York, 2009, pp. 551-579. 

Ca carbonate is often used in supplement tablets or pills because of the high Ca density and low cost. However, a powdered Ca dietary supplement, intended to be mixed /dissolved into beverages or other fluid foods (e.g., soups and sauces) by the consumer just prior to consumption, is a novel product form applicable only to a soluble Ca salt such as CCM. A powdered Ca supplement would of course avoid the problems some consumers experience with swallowing pills and tablets, as well as eliminate any uncertainty associated with tablet disintegration and dissolution. 

CCM is moderately soluble in water and has higher aqueous solubility compared to a number of other Ca sources often used for food fortification and in dietary supplements. However, the Ca lactate and gluconate salts have higher solubility that conceivably may be advantageous in unique applications when a very high concentration of the Ca salt is required (e.g., concentrated syrups and/or liquid nutritional supplements). 

Citric acid and its citrate compounds are widely used in hundreds of applications. Global production of citric acid in 2005 was 1.6 million tons, with China producing approximately 40% of the world supply. In the United States, approximately 65% of citric acid use is in the food and beverage industry. Citric acid is used as an acidulant to impart tartness, to control pH, as a preservative and antioxidant, as a metal chelator, and to stabilize color and taste. Citrate salts can be used as mineral and metal dietary supplement for example, calcium citrate... 

Table 2.1 presents examples of the main classes of low-molecular-weight bioactive molecules which are currently considered to be helpful for human well-being and which can be therefore used as food supplements as well as active components in skin-care applications (Ratnam et al., 2006 McClements et al., 2009). The required physicochemical properties of effective bioactive compounds, which should be considered in the formulation of the prophylactic and therapeutic dietary supplements at their desired oral dosages, are described in the scientific literature. These properties are (i) solubility in aqueous media (ii) permeability through the gastrointestinal tract and cell membranes (iii) physical stability and (iv) bioavailability. 

Although chemically related, retinoic acid and retinol have distinctly different therapeutic applications. Retinol and its precursor are used as dietary supplements, whereas various forms of retinoic acid are useful in dermatology. 

A systematic review of the literature aimed to assess the effectiveness of any type of complementary therapy for intermittent claudication revealed that there is no evidence of effectiveness of acupuncture, biofeedback therapy, chelation therapy, CO(2)-applications and the dietary supplements of Allium sativum (garlic), omega-3 fatty acids and Vitamin E (86). 

APPLICATION OF ICP-MS FOR THE EVALUATION OF Se SPECIES IN FOOD RELATED PRODUCTS AND IN DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS... 

A number of the transition metals are essential trace elements for living organisms, so that one medical application of transition metal compounds is in the treatment of deficiency diseases. Particular examples are provided by preparations containing iron to treat anaemia and the use of dietary supplements containing cobalt in the form of vitamin B 2, shown as its cyanide derivative in 1.5. The reverse of this type of treatment involves the removal of excess metal ions from the body using com-... 

Nutritional and health-related applications. Lecithin has long been known in the worldwide nutritional community. Dietary supplement lecithin is generally derived from soybean lecithin. Because of its composition of various phospholipids, vitamins, and fatty acids, lecithin is involved in numerous physiological actions that... 

For the most part, the greatest percentage of lecithin is used in foods. The second highest use is in animal feeds, followed by industrial applications. Paints and other coatings consume a major portion of the nonfood lecithin. Pharmaceuticals, including dietary supplements, and inks and cosmetics, however, also consume significant portions. 

In recent years, pharmaceutical patents accounted for almost 25% of the nonfood patent activity. Pharmaceutical applications, particularly those involving liposomes, should require increasing quantities of refined lecithins. An increased demand for lecithin as a dietary supplement is also anticipated, as the result of dietary reference intakes being established for choline. Besides being a multifunctional food ingredient, lecithin has the benefit of being a widely recognized health food. 

The use of dietary fluoride or topical applications of fluoride depends partly on the age of the child. Dietary supplements of fluoride are best for very young children, whereas topical fluoride applications are preferred for older children with permanent teeth. Younger children who are highly susceptible to caries may benefit from both measures. 

Efforts are under way to make the USP-NF more useful worldwide. Incorporation of monographs for multi-vitamin products, biotechnology-derived products, veterinary drugs, and botanicals and other dietary supplements help. The US AN and USP Dictionary of Drug Names has wide international applicability, thereby making it a repository of International Names Nomenclature (INN) and British Adopted Names (BAN), as well as U.S. Adopted Names (USAN). Pharmacopeial Forum now contains announcements of proposals from the Japanese Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopeia for revision of standards for international harmonization. 

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