Diesel engines results

Kittelson DB, Watts WF, Johnson JP (2006) On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols - Part 1 summary of diesel engine results. J Aerosol Sci 37 913-930... 

The use of biodiesel in a petroleum diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and formation of particulate matter, i.e. in reduction of emission of pollutants. Emissions of nitrogen oxides are... 

Improving the cetane number by additives results in better engine behavior, as would be predicted by the combustion mechanisms in the diesel engine (noise reduction, better operating characteristics, particularly when cold). Nevertheless, concerning certain items such as pollution emissions, it may be better to obtain a higher cetane number rather by modification of the... 

The first methanol bus in the world was placed in revenue service in Auckland, New Zealand in June 1981. It was a Mercedes O 305 city bus using the M 407 hGO methanol engine. This vehicle operated in revenue service for several years with mixed results. Fuel economy on an equivalent energy basis ranged from 6 to 17% mote than diesel fuel economy. Power and torque matched the diesel engine and drivers could not detect a difference. ReHabiUty and durabihty of components was a problem. Additional demonstrations took place in Berlin, Germany and in Pretoria, South Africa, both in 1982. 

Viscosity. For optimum performance of diesel engine injector pumps, the fuel should have the proper viscosity. Too low viscosity results in excessive injector wear and leakage. Viscosity that is too high may cause poor atomisation of the fuel upon injection into the cylinders. 

An important appHcation of MMCs in the automotive area is in diesel piston crowns (53). This appHcation involves incorporation of short fibers of alumina or alumina—siHca in the crown of the piston. The conventional diesel engine piston has an Al—Si casting alloy with a crown made of a nickel cast iron. The replacement of the nickel cast iron by aluminum matrix composite results in a lighter, more abrasion resistant, and cheaper product. Another appHcation in the automotive sector involves the use of carbon fiber and alumina particles in an aluminum matrix for use as cylinder liners in the Prelude model of Honda Motor Co. 

Figure 12.9 Typical vertical alignment of cavities resulting from cavitation damage in a diesel engine cylinder liner.

Diesel engines, however, operate on an unrestricted air flow at all speeds and loads to provide the cylinders with an excess air charge. This results in a very lean air/fuel ratio of approximately 90 1 to 100 1 or higher at an idle speed. At the engine s rated speed (full load maximum power output) the air/fucl ratio will drop to 20 1 to 25 1 but still provide an excess air factor here of 10 to 20 percent. This excess air supply lowers the average specific heat of the cylinder gases, which in turn increases the indicated work obtained... 

All diesel fuels tend to contain trace water, expressed in parts per million (ppm). With the veiy high fuel injection pressures now used in electronically controlled diesel engine, fuel-filter/water separators are widely used, since water allowed to circulate freely through the injection system can result in seizure of components and erosion of injector orifice holes, and in extreme cases the high compressibility factor of water can blow the tip off of the fuel injector. 

Summary ol Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Economy Results on the FUDS and Highway Driving Cycles using Various Engines and a Fuel Cell (1) mpg diesel fuel for diesel engine and mpg gasoline equivalent for fuel cell powered vehicles... 

The results are very encouraging, and show that, as expected, the power consumption of the electrochemically promoted unit, which is promotional to A 1, is negligible in comparison to the Diesel engine power output (Table 12.3). This work demonstrates the great potential of electrochemical promotion for practical applications. The first fifty Dinex units were sold in 2001. 

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