2.4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and

James MO, JR Bend (1976) Taurine conjugation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and phenylacetic acid in two marine species. Xenobiotica 6 393-398. 

Don RH, AJ Wightman, HH Knackmuss, KN Timmis (1985) Transposon mutagenesis and cloning analysis of the pathways of degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3-chlorobenzoate in Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 (pJP4). J Bacterial 161 85-90. 

Haugland RA, DJ Schlemm, RP Lyons, PR Sferra, AM Chakrabarty (1990) Degradation of the chlorinated phenoxyacetate herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by pure and mixed bacterial cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 1357-1362. 

So far as the author is aware, the first statement of the herbicidal action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, made in the United States, was in a publication by Hamner and Tukey (14) in 1944. They sprayed 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on bindweed and obtained a complete kill down to the root tips. At about the same time Hamner and Tukey (13) and Marth and Mitchell (24) demonstrated the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as a differential herbicide on lawns. All plants growing on the lawns (except the grasses) were destroyed with apparently no noticeable ill effect on the grasses. 

Kraus and Mitchell have published an interesting paper (20) on the effects of a variety of substances including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on plant growth their experiments were carried out in 1943. 

Bell, G.R. Photochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and structurally related compounds, Botan. Gaz., 118 133-136, 1956. 

Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Roush GJ, et al Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. Br J Ind Med 45 98-105, 1988... 

Bloemen LJ, Mandel JS, Bond GG, et al An update of mortality among chemical workers potentially exposed to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives. 7 Occup Med 35 1208-1212, 1993... 

Charles JM, Cunny HC, Wilson RD, et al Ames assays and unscheduled DNA synthesis assays on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives. Mutat Res 444 207-16, 1999... 

Gobi, K.V., S.J. Kim, H. Tanaka, et al. 2007. Novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor based on monomolecular layer of physically-adsorbed ovalbumin conjugate for detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and atomic force microscopy study. Sens. Actual B Chem. 123 583-593. 

Verma, D.C., Tarvares, I, and Loewus, F.A., 1976, Effect of benzyladenine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and D-glucose in myo-inositol metabolism in Acer pseudoplatanus L. cells grown in suspension culture. Plant Physiol. 37 241-244. 

There are other herbicides in use which cannot be discussed in detail here, but one particular pair of chemicals should be mentioned. These are 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, which are abbreviations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These chemicals act like plant growth hormones but cause excessive growth. They are selectively toxic against weeds. Although these herbicides have low toxicity to animals they can be contaminated with the most toxic type of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), as a result of the manufacturing process. The mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T was... 

In D. stramonium there exists a close relationship between PMT activity, the morphological state of cultures and the biosynthesis of hyoscyamine. In fact, it was found that when de-differentiation was induced with a mixture of kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and a-naphthalene-acetic acid, the PMT activity and hyoscyamine biosynthesis were lost [127]. Furthermore, it seems that PMT... 

Methylation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid in soil samples was examined using trimeth-ylphenylammonium hydroxide prior to supercritical extraction with C02 (Hawthorne et al. 1992). Although recoveries of these compounds were apparently limited by competition for the reagent of components of the soil matrix, this procedure possesses obvious advantages for polar analytes such as carboxylic acids and is capable of extension to other analytes. 

Agent Orange was formulated to contain a 50 50 mixture of two active ingredients 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and... 

Optical isomerism of phenoxycarboxylic acids also plays a decisive role in their activity. Of the amino acid derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid only the derivatives of the dl- and L-amino acids are active, while the respective D-amino acid derivatives are completely inactive. This can be attributed to the fact that plants are unable to hydrolyse the peptide bond of the D-derivatives (Wood and Fontaine, 1952 Krewson et al., 1956). 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES manufacture of industrial and agricultural products intermediate in chemical industry feedstock to manufacture 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives (germicides, soil sterilants) moth proofing antiseptics seed disinfectants organic synthesis... 

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