Diazepam convulsions

The nurse monitors the patient for signs and symptoms of acute salicylate toxicity or salicylism (see Display 17-1). Initial treatment includes induction of emesis or gastric lavage to remove any unabsorbed drug from the stomach. Activated charcoal diminishes salicylate absorption if given within 2 hours of ingestion. Further therapy is supportive (reduce hyperthermia and treat severe convulsions with diazepam). Hemodialysis is effective in removing Hie salicylate but is used only in patients with severe salicylism. 

Convulsions are treated with slow intravenous administration of diazepam (0.1—0.3 mg/kg for children 10 mg for adults) this treatment may be... 

In cases of lead encephalopathy with cerebral edema, edema can be treated with mannitol, corticosteroids, and hypothermia. Convulsions can be treated with diazepam, phenytoin, and/or phenobarbital (Garrettson 1990). 

Ventilate the patient. There may be an increase in airway resistance due to constriction of the airway and the presence of secretions. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. As soon as possible administer of atropine alone or in combination with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAMC1) or other appropriate oxime. Diazepam may be required to prevent or control severe convulsions. If diazepam is not administered within 40-minutes postexposure, then its effectiveness at controlling seizures is minimal. 

CANA Convulsant Antidote for Nerve Agent, also called diazepam. 

There is no specific treatment for ingestion of ibotenic acid or muscimol rather, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Anxiety, hysteria, or convulsions can be treated with sedatives, such as diazepam. This should be done cautiously, however, and with the lowest effective dose because animal studies revealed that respiratory arrest may occur. In severe cases, with prolonged nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, monitoring of fluid and electrolyte status may be required. Recent cases of muscarine poisonings were reported by Benjamin (1992), and Tupalska-Wilczynska et al. (1997). 

The normal body temperature is 36.8°C. Babies under 6 months of age who have a higher temperature than 37.7°C should be referred on the same day. Babies over 6 months should be referred if their temperature is above 38.2°C. Babies who have had a temperature-related convulsion lasting 15 minutes or longer should receive pharmacotherapy in the form of either lorazepam, diazepam or clonazepam. Febrile convulsions in children usually cease spontaneously within 5-10 minutes and are rarely associated with significant sequelae and therefore long-term anticonvulsant prophylaxis is rarely indicated. Parents should be advised to seek professional advice when the child develops fever so as to prevent the occurrence of high body temperatures. 

Q18 The dose of diazepam for children in febrile convulsions is 250 pg/kg. What is the appropriate dose for a child v/eighing 25 kg ... 

Prolonged febrile convulsions can be treated by administration of diazepam (benzodiazepine) as a slow intravenous infusion or rectally. 

Anticonvulsant As adjunctive therapy in the management of partial seizures (clorazepate) adjunctively in status epilepticus and severe recurrent convulsive seizures (diazepam IV) adjunctively in convulsive disorders (diazepam oral). Preoperative For preoperative apprehension and anxiety (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam IV) prior to cardioversion for the relief of anxiety and tension and to diminish patient s recall (diazepam IV) adjunctively prior to endoscopic procedures for apprehension, anxiety, or acute stress reactions and to diminish patient s recall (diazepam) ... 

Parenteral Adjunct in status epilepticus and severe recurrent convulsive seizures. Rectal For selected, refractory patients on stable regimens of anti-epileptic agents who require intermittent use of diazepam to control bouts of increased seizure activity. 

The withdrawal syndrome from ethanol includes anxiety, insomnia, possibly convulsions and visual hallucinations (delirium tremens - the Dts). It is treated or better still prevented by a calm environment, adequate (but not excessive) hydration, and careful monitoring, with the added use of anticon-vulsive/sedative agents, mainly benzodiazepines to prevent or treat convulsions. The preventive effects of benzodiazepines on withdrawal morbidity has been clearly demonstrated. There do not seem to be major differences between benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam or others. Because of the abuse potential in these highly susceptible patients, these should be rapidly weaned, and proper prevention of relapse instituted. Other drugs such as meprobamate and clomethiazole (Hemineurin) are commonly used in some countries. The effectiveness... 

Cock HR, Schapira AH. A comparison of lorazepam and diazepam as initial therapy in convulsive status epilepticus. QJM 2002 95(4) 225-31. 

The anticonvulsant activity of diazepam, assessed by its protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic convulsions, was strongly reduced in ai-(HIOIR) mice compared to wild-type animals (Rudolph et al. 1999). Sodium phenobarbital remained fully effective as anticonvulsant in ai(HlOlR) mice. Thus, the anticonvulsant activity of benzodiazepines is partially but not fuUy mediated by ai receptors. The anticonvulsant action of zolpidem is exclusively mediated by ai receptors, since its anticonvulsant action is completely absent in ai(HlOlR) mice (Crestani et al. 2000). 

Convulsions associated with fever often occur in children 3 months to 5 years of age. Epilepsy later develops in approximately 2 to 3% of children who exhibit one or more such febrile seizures. Most authorities now recommend prophylactic treatment with anticonvulsant drugs only to patients at highest risk for development of epilepsy and for those who have multiple recurrent febrile seizures. Phenobarbital is the usual drug, although diazepam is also effective. Phenytoin and carba-mazepine are ineffective, and valproic acid may cause hepatotoxicity in very young patients. 

Given intravenously, both diazepam and midazolam are effective first-line treatments for status epilepticus. It is essential to be aware that the large doses that may be necessary to control convulsions are likely to cause respiratory depression and obtund protective reflexes. Oxygen and equipment suitable for its administration should be available. For intractable status epilepticus, clonazepam is a longer-acting alternative which can also be given by intravenous infusion. Overdosage... 

Lidocaine s most common adverse effects—like those of other local anesthetics—are neurologic paresthesias, tremor, nausea of central origin, lightheadedness, hearing disturbances, slurred speech, and convulsions. These occur most commonly in elderly or otherwise vulnerable patients or when a bolus of the drug is given too rapidly. The effects are dose-related and usually short-lived seizures respond to intravenous diazepam. In general, if plasma levels above 9 mcg/mL are avoided, lidocaine is well tolerated. 

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