Diagnostic modality

Farokhzad OC, Langer R (2006) Nanomedicine developing smarter therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 58 1456-1459. 

Molecular Imaging (166) deals with in vivo characterization and measurement of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. With Molecular Imaging, early diagnosis of disease will become possible as the detection of altered biochemical processes largely anticipates the anatomical changes that are the basis of current diagnostic modalities. 

MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice. Tumor localization as well as alterations of the blood brain barrier can be characterized for most tumors. However, the differentiation of tumor tissue and cerebral edema is difficult. 

Topaz O, Taylor AL, Interventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction from pathophysiologic features to the role of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic modalities in current management. Am J Med 1992 93(6) 683-688. Review. 

Hall A, Girkin JM (2004) A review of potential new diagnostic modalities for caries lesions. J Dent Res 83 C89-C94... 

Last but not least, each chapter provides a bridge to new molecular anatomic pathology menus for pathologists, in order to empower them with additional diagnostic modalities whenever immunohistochemistry falls short. 

Along with a better understanding of biological processes involved in CNS disorders, many advances have been made in material science in combination with polymeric biomaterials for improving diagnostic modalities. Nano-sized carriers are made up of a variety of synthetic and natural polymers, which have been extensively studied for their multifunctionality and for their ability to extrava-sate to regions that are deep in the CNS. With the ability to... 

It seems certain that EVAR will continue to be a primary treatment for many years. Endoleak is an ongoing problem associated with EVAR. Imaging plays a critical role in detecting endoleak. CTA is the first line diagnostic modality. Optimal CTA protocol needs to include a delayed acquisition. There are many endovascular options available for treatment of persistent endoleaks. The optimal treatment depends on the type of the endoleak. 

The most commonly used diagnostic modalities to find the cause of the hemoptysis and to identify the pulmonary lobes in which the bleeding is localized are conventional radiography, fiberoptic bronchoscopy and CT. Knowledge of the localization of the bleeding is of importance for the interventionalist in order to facilitate the subsequent embolization procedure. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRl) is the most accurate diagnostic modality for assessing uterine leiomyomas [37]. MRI enables assessment of the uterus in multiplanar orientation and without interference from superimposed structures. MRI provides not only accurate information on the number and size of fibroids but also on their location within the uterus (cervix, corpus, fundus) and within the wall (submucosal, intramural. 

Retrograde pyelography (RP), EU, and ultrasonography as well as computed tomographic urography (CTU) are the available diagnostic modalities. 

The kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, as well as the female and male reproductive organs together form the urogenital system. The different parts of this system contribute many different carcinomas. For these entities different diagnostic modalities have be established to diagnose the different tumors. 

MRI shows very good results in staging prostate cancer, with correct staging results in up to 90%. Additional techniques like spectroscopy and perfusion allow improving the specificity. Sonography is the diagnostic modality of choice in case of testicular cancer CT or MRI is performed to rule out retroperitoneal lymph nodes. 

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