Developed industrialized countries

We can see that anthropogenic emissions of lead are most important in developed industrial countries because they are mainly associated with fossil fuel combustion for power generation and with transport. The highest emission per individual is in Australia due to non-ferrous industry emissions predominating on this continent. As to the pollution density per area unit, however, Europe is ahead of Australia, Africa and South America by an order of magnitude. The total global emission was estimated as much as 210 x 10- tons per year with averaged emission of about 40 g/capita per year. 

As already argued, design processes have to be improved with respect to quality and efficiency. This is especially important in a developed industrial country, like Germany, with high salaries. The early phases of the development process, furthermore, have great economical impact. In scientific terms, this part of the process is a particularly challenging. 

Hydrocarbons (particularly aromates and polycyclic hydrocarbons, but also n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cycloalkanes as well as unsaturated hydrocarbons), which enter the atmosphere in the course of petroleum and natural gas exploitation, during their treatment, transportation, storing and utilization of products, are important sources of air pollution. In the developed industrial countries the portion of hydrocarbon emissions constitutes as much as 9% of the total amount of emissions [20]. Table 5.23 presents data concerning emissions of hydrocarbons from a hypothetical refining plant with a treatment capacity of 5 million t yr, related only to storage and transport of petroleum and by-products in the refining plant [21]. 

There is an epidemic of immune-mediated disease in highly-developed industrialized countries. Such diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma increase in prevalence as populations adopt modem hygienic practices. These practices prevent exposure to parasitic worms (helminths). Epidemiologic studies surest that people who carry helminths have less immune-mediated disease. Mice colonized with helminths are protected from disease in models of cohtis, encephalitis. Type 1 diabetes and asthma. Clinical trials show that exposure to helminths reduce disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn s disease. This chapter reviews some of the work showing that colonization with helminths alters immune responses, against dysregulated inflammation. These helminth-host immune interactions have potentially important implications for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. 

Technical progress is faster than progress in other areas of life. Thousands of new technical products appear annually on the market. In the highly developed industrialized countries, half the labor force is engaged in manufacturing or selling products which were completely unknown at the turn of the century. 

Food supplies of developed, industrialized countries in North America and Europe have centrahzed distribution systems and one would expect that the level of heterogeneity for lead distribution in dietary components would vary less across smaller subdivisions of nations than, say, ambient air Pb, dust or soil Pb, and tap water Pb. Variability and uncertainty remain... 

Worldwide furfuryl alcohol capacity in 1993 was estimated to be 110,000 metric tons (38). As with furfural, new capacity in developing countries is replacing older capacity in developed countries. China and South Africa have become significant producers of furfuryl alcohol. New plants have been built in Asia and Indonesia as well. Consumption of furfuryl alcohol is spread over the globe the largest use is in the foundry industry which is increasingly moving away from heavily industrialized countries. 

Total merchant shipments of DRI and HBI in 1993 reached 5.1 x 10 t. The primary DRI exporting countries were Venezuela, Russia, Malaysia, Trinidad, and India. The price of merchant HBI in 1993 was in the range of 125 to 167/1 on a deUvered basis. Although there are expectations that the value of merchant DRI should some day stand on its own, the historic price has been tied to the price of ferrous scrap. A general mle of thumb has been that the value of merchant DRI is comparable to prime scrap (No. 1 Bundles or No. 1 Bushelings) in industrial countries, and comparable to imported shredded scrap in developing countries (see RECYCLING, FERROUS METALS). 

For many industrialized countries, efforts to improve the outdoor air quality have been under way for the majority of this century. In many locations around the world, significant improvements have taken place. Air quality in many major cities such as London, New York, and Chicago has improved from the conditions present in the first half of the twentieth century. Mechanisms and control programs are in place in the developed countries to continue the improvement of ambient air quality. Considerable effort and energy have been expended to characterize, evaluate, and control air pollution emissions to the atmosphere. 

Production of CFCs, halons, methyl chloroform, and CTC ceased at the end of 1995 in industrial countries and will cease by 2010 in developing countries. Developing countries are defined in the Protocol as those that use less than 0.3 kilograms (kg) of ODS per capita per year. These are called... 

HCFCs, originally developed as a less harmful class of CFC alternatives, will be phased out by 2020 in industrial countries, with some provisions for servicing equipment to 2030. Developing countries are to freeze consumption by 2016 (base year 2015) and phase out use by 2040. 

Consumption and production of methyl bromide will end in 2005 in industrial countries (subject to phase-out stages and exemptions) and in 2015 in developing countries. 

Bleaching power is now much less used than formerly in highly industrialized countries hut is still manufactured on a large scale in less-developed regions. In the USA its production peaked at 133000 tonnes in 1923 but had fallen to 23600 tonnes by 1955 and has not been reported since, though —1160 tonnes per annum were imported during the 1980s. 

The development of critical pressure boilers during the 1950s came in the post-World War 11 years amid a growing demand for domestic electricity consumption, especially within fully industrialized countries. The invention stimulated further designs for low-cost electricity generation. 

The widespread application of nuclear boilers by the 1960s went hand-in-hand with the developing nuclear technology of several industrialized countries in both the West and the East. There was an increased use of nuclear power for electric and motive power, on land and at sea. 

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