Detoxification of waste water

Bolton JR, Saearzadeh-Amiri A, Cater SR (1995) The Detoxification of Waste Water Streams Using Solar and Artificial UV Light Sources, in Sterret FS (ed.) Alternative Fuels and the Environment, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Chap. 11 187-192. 

Bolton, J.R., Safarzadeh-amiri, A., and Cater, S.R. The detoxification of waste water streams using solar and artificial UV light sources, in F.S. Sterret (Ed.), Alternative Fuels and the EnvironmenF . Lewish Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (1995), p. 187. 

Durante, D., Casadio, R., Martelli, L., Tasco, G., Portaccio, M., De Luca, P, Bencivenga, U., Rossi, S., Di Martino, S., Grano, V., Diano, N. and Mita, D. G. 2004. Isothermal and non-isothermal bioreactors in the detoxification of waste waters polluted by aromatic compounds by means of immobilised laccase from Rhus vemic-ifera. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic, 27,191-206. 

The final examples refer to the detoxification of waste water or of oil residues. The cathodic hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was investigated in [13], including the comparison of paraffin oil and water as reaction media. The anodic and/or cathodic decomposition of 2-chlorophenol was studied with... 

Heyl A, Jorissen J (2006) Electrochemical detoxification of waste water without additives using soUd polymer electrolyte (SPE) technology. J Appl Electrochem 36 1281-1290... 

The artificial generation of photons required for the detoxification of polluted water is the most important source of costs during the operating of photocatalytic waste water treatment plants. This would suggest that use of sunlight... 

Gilomen, K. Stauffer, H.P. Meyer, V.R. Detoxification of acetonitrile—water wastes from liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1995, 41, 488-491. 

Also, wet air oxidation offers an alternative to conventional incineration for the destmction and detoxification of dilute ha2ardous and toxic waste waters. A 98% removal efficiency of dyehouse effluent has been claimed by wet air oxidation (203). 

The polymerization of phenols or aromatic amines is applied in resin manufacture and the removal of phenols from waste water. Polymers produced by HRP-catalyzed coupling of phenols in non-aqueous media are potential substitutes for phenol-formaldehyde resins [123,124], and the polymerized aromatic amines find applications as conductive polymers [112]. Phenols and their resins are pollutants in aqueous effluents derived from coal conversion, paper-making, production of semiconductor chips, and the manufacture of resins and plastics. Their transformation by peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide constitutes a convenient, mild and environmentally acceptable detoxification process [125-127]. 

Environmental applications of HRP include immunoassays for pesticide detection and the development of methods for waste water treatment and detoxification. Examples of the latter include removal of aromatic amines and phenols from waste water (280-282), and phenols from coal-conversion waters (283). A method for the removal of chlorinated phenols from waste water using immobilised HRP has been reported (284). Additives such as polyethylene glycol can increase the efficiency of peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization and precipitation of substituted phenols and amines in waste or drinking water (285). The enzyme can also be used in biobleaching reactions, for example, in the decolorization of bleach plant effluent (286). 

Leonard, R.A., Bailey, G.W., Swank, Jr., R.R. (1976) Transport, detoxification, fate and effects of pesticides in soil and water environments in land application of waste materials. Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa. 48pp. 

The first large scale applications of solar waste water detoxification are being tested in the US and in Spain. Researchers of the Sandia National Laboratory are testing Ti02-suspensions in a plant in New Mexico, and various European groups are using the test center in Almeria in Spain. 

There are presently over 26,000 uncontrolled waste sites in the United States as reported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (i). Of these sites, 951 are on the National Priority List (NPL) which makes these sites eligible for funds from the Superfimd. One common characteristic of the NPL sites is that the site ground water is contaminated by the leaching of pollutants from contaminated soil. Therefore, the task of cleaning up such a site involves the detoxification of both solid (soil) and liquid (water) matrices contaminated with a common pollutant. 

Schematic of a bioreactor for the detoxification of a waste stream or for inclusion in a pump and water treatment process.

The industrial research efforts on coffee decaffeination, spice extraction, and flavors concentration are, to a great extent, shrouded by the cloak of proprietary security, but the investigations of the use of supercritical fluids to treat various waste streams is reasonably well publicized. Most familiar, perhaps, is the supercritical waste water detoxification process developed by Modar Inc. This is potentially attractive for detoxifying refractory chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, and other toxic materials (Anon., 1982 Modell, 1982). In the Modar process, the toxic chemicals are homogeneously reacted with oxygen in supercritical water, the solvent for the organics and the oxygen. The main feature of the process is a chemical reaction discussed in more detail in chapter 11. 

Cyanide hydrolyzing enzymes (i. e. reaction schemes 12.1-4 and 12.1-5) have, with the exception mentioned above, not been reported to hydrolyze organic nitriles and thus appear to be highly specific for inorganic cyanide. Therefore, they are mainly of interest in waste water treatment as a biological alternative to conventional chemical detoxification of cyanide by alkaline chlorination and will not be treated further. 

Active immobilized enzyme detoxification of pesticides in production waste-waters Active immobilized enzyme deacylation of benzylpenicillin in a continuous four-stage stirred-tank reactor Investigation of properties of the active immobilized enzyme Investigation of new carriers for enzyme immobilization... 

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