Detonations in liquids

Condensed expls, reaction zone) 8) Baum, Stanyukovich Shekhter(1959), 664-753 (Expln in condensed media) 9) A. Vidart MP 42, 83-144 (I960) (Calcn of characteristics of condensed expls) 10) Andreev Belyaev (I960), 193-210 (Deton of condensed expls) 11) L.G. Bolkhovitinov, DoklAkadN 130, 1044-46(1960) (Low-speed deton of liquid expls) 11a) 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 469 98, A.W. Campbell et al, "The Shock Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives 12) R.F. Chaiken, JChemPhys 33, 760(1960) in 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 304-08 (Comments on hyper-velocity wave in condensed expls 12a) Zel dovich Kompaneets (I960), Chapter 4 (Detonation in condensed expls) 13)... 

A.W. Campbell et al, PhysFluids 4, 498-510(1961) (Shock initiation of deton in liquid expls) 15a) Ibid, pp 511-22(1961) (Shock initiation in solid expls) 16) R.O. Miller, "Estimating Caloric State Behavior in Condensed-Phase Detonations , pp 65-74 in S.S. Penner F.A. Williams, "Detonation and Two-Phase Flow , Academic Press, NY (1962) 16a) R.F. Chaiken, A Kinetic... 

Detonation in Liquid Explosives - The Low-Velocity Regime , Ibid, pp 117-25 19e) S.D. Gardner J. Wackerle, "Interactions of Detonation Waves in Condensed Explosives , Ibid, pp 154-55 19f) W.E. 

The book includes among other topics Definition of expln and classification of expln processes, pp 9-l6 Theory of shock waves, which includes "shock adiabat on p 190 (pp 182-224) Theory of deton waves (pp 225-27) Hugoniot curve for detonation waves (p 228) Hydrodynamic Theory of deton (p 226) Explosion in air. (pp 555-663) Theory of point initiation of deton, called in Rus "Teoriya tochechnago vzryva (pp 598-624) Theory of spherical expln (pp 624-40) Explosion in condensed medium (pp 664-81) Propagation of shock waves in water (pp 681-90) Some problems of theory of deton in liquids (pp 690-98) Propagation of waves in solids (pp 708-18) and Theory of deton in earth. (pp 718-44)... 

Nevertheless, LE detonations exhibit certain phenomena not usually found in comparable solid expls. Many of the unique characteristics of LE detonations are ascribable to their homogeneity, whereas most solid expls are heterogeneous. These effects, peculiar to LE, will now be described in some detail A) Similarities in Detonation in Liquid and Gaseous Explosives... 

Explosion of Liquid Explosives. See cross-refs in Vol 4, pp D424-R D425-L and R.F. Chaiken, AstronauticaActa 17, 575—87 (1972) (On the Mechanism of Low-Velocity Detonation in Liquid Explosives)... 

A detonation can also be initiated in condensed-phase mixtures by the use of initiating sources that produce shocks. Thus, Ward, Pearce, and Merrett initiated detonations in liquid hydrogen-solid oxygen mixtures with a detonator and with a spark discharge a detonation can also be initiated in such mixtures by mechanical impact. 

No specific rules can be made indicating to what extent a given material might detonate in liquid oxygen. A substance which will burn in atmospheric air will likely detonate in LOX, but its detonation level is difficult to predict. Many nonflammable materials will react as easily as pure hydrocarbons, as with the behavior of polyvinylchloride and polyethylene. 

Dremin, A.N., Klimenko, V.Yu. and Kosireva, I.Yu., On the Mechanism of the Reaction Hot Spots Origin at Liquid Explosives Detonation, in Eighth Symposium (International) on Detonation, NSWC MP 86-194 (edited by Short, J.M.), Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD, 1986, pp. 678-687. 

In one instance, carbon dioxide was incorporated into lithium in solution in liquid ammonia. When oxygen and/or water was later added it led to detonations. 

Ozone in the solid state forms explosive mixtures with liquid hydrogen. It also detonates in contact with iiquid nitrogen if there are metai impurities present. 

Powdered aluminium can create explosive suspensions in air in the presence of an ignition source. It can combust spontaneously if the powder is moist. Aluminium powder detonates spontaneously in liquid oxygen. 

Benzene or toluene detonate when they are in contact with dinitrogen tetroxide, especially when dinitrogen tetroxide is in liquid form. 

Totari, T. et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1979, 1051 The reaction mixture from permanganate oxidation of the aminocarbaborane in liquid ammonia must be diluted with toluene at —60°C to avoid detonation when the ammonia is subsequently evaporated. 

Ramsay, J. B. et al., Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Detonation, 1976, 723-728 Liquid nitrogen oxide and other cryogenic oxidisers (ozone, fluorine in presence of water) are very sensitive to detonation in absence of fuel, and can be initiated as readily as glyceryl nitrate [1,2]. Detonation of the endothermic liquid oxide close to its b.p. (-152°C) generated a 100 kbar pulse and fragmented the test equipment. It is the simplest molecule that is capable of detonation in all 3 phases [3], The liquid oxide is sensitive and may explode dining distillation [4],... 

Bowden, F. R und Yoffe, A. D. Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Liquids and Solids, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge 1952 Taylor, J. Detonation in Condensed Explosives, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1952 Cook, M. A. The Science of High Explosives, Reinhold, New York 1958 Roth, J. F Explosivstoffe 23-31 45-54 (1958)... 

The oxides of nitrogen collectively are oxidants with power increasing with oxygen content. Dinitrogen oxide will often support violent combustion, since its oxygen content (36.5%) approaches double that of atmospheric air. Nitrogen oxide and dinitrogen oxide are both endothermic and capable of detonation in the liquid state. Individually indexed oxides are ... 

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