Detonations description

Out-of-Line Safety. A term descriptive of a method by which detonator safety or bore safety is attained. In the safe condition, one or more components of the fuze or booster expl train are in a non-aligned condition with respect to the other components, so that normal functioning cannot occur Ref OrdTechTerm (1962), 216-R... 

Critical Height at which a Deftagration-to-Detonation Transition will Occur. Description of test The mat to be tested is loaded into a 2-inch diameter pipe capped at the lower end. 

The preceding paragraphs have been primarily devoted to a brief description of the methods of measuring detonation pressure and the presentation of selected measurement data. We have emphasized that both theory and measurements entail considerable uncertainty. Thus comparison between theory and observation is at best rather risky. Nevertheless, the P j vs loading... 

In the 1950s, the more descriptive schlieren records of the interactions between pressure waves and deflagration fronts were obtained [16-18], and Oppenheim [9] introduced the hypothesis of the "explosion in the explosion" (of the detonating mixture) occurring in the regime of accelerating flame to explain the sudden change in the velocity of the combustion wave observed in the experiments. 

The method used came from a description in a publication that was taken from an old German publication. However, the publication did not say that the original German source mentioned the explosive nature of this reaction. A detonation took place when the temperature reached 60°C. 

The effect of nitric acid on dimethyl sulphide in the presence of dioxan gives rise to a detonation, even at liquid nitrogen temperatures. There is no factor in this description that can prove whether the accident is related to sulphide or dioxan, which probably gives rise to dangerous reactions with nitric acid. 

While it is acknowledged as rather explosive, the stated lack of shock-sensitivity at ambient temperature [1] is countered by its alternative description as shock-sensitive [2] and detonable [3], The vapour explodes above a certain critical pressure, at temperatures above 190°C [4],... 

Various secondary sources of safety data are now listing this as an explosive. I can find no primaiy source for this classification, which seems very improbable. Simple minded use of many computational hazard prediction procedures would show thermodynamically that this compound, like most lower amines, could hypothetically convert to alkane, ammonia and nitrogen with sufficient energy (about 3 kJ/g) to count as an explosion hazard. This reaction is not known to happen. (Simple minded thermodynamicists would rate this book, or computer, and its reader as a severe hazard in an air environment.) Like other bases, iminobispropylamine certainly sensitises many nitro-explosives to detonation. It is used experimentally to study the effect, which may have found technical exploitation and, garbled, could have led to description of the amine as itself an explosive. 

An excellent description of the cellular detonation front, its relation to chemical rates and their effect on the dynamic parameters, has been given by Lee [6], With permission, from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 16, 1984 by Annual Reviews Inc., this description is reproduced almost verbatim here. 

Introduction. The existing books in English on detonation and explosion by Taylor (See Vol 2 of Encycl, p XII), Cook (See Vol 1, p Abbr 75), Penney St Mullins (See Abbt in this Volume), and Zel dovich St Kompaneets (See under Abbreviations which precede this introduction), do not give a comprehensive description of all subjects related to detonation and explosion. In most cases there is too much mathematics in them and no clear definition of items. Since the alphabetical indices in the books of Taylor, Cook and Penner Mullins are not very complete and since the book of Zel dovich 8t Kompaneets has no index at all, it is difficult, in some cases to find the desired items... 

Refs 1) A. Solem et al, NAVORD 4006 (1955) (Description of plate push test) (Conf) (Not used) 2) Cook (1958), 29 (Pin method for determination of detonation velocity) 3) J.W. Kury et al, 3rdONRSympDeton (I960), Vol 3, p 80 (Description of flat plate test and cylinder test) (Conf) (Not used) 4) M.L. Wilkins, Univ of Calif, Lawrence Radiation Lab, Livermore,... 

Detonation can also arise spontaneously from combustion when a flame is propagated in very long tubes. For description of this phenomenon, Zel dovich Kompaneets refer to their Chapter 16, which deals with "Spin Detonation ... 

Combustion, Heat of. Its definition is given in Vol 2 of Encycl, p C9-L, under Calorific Value and a brief description is given on ppClO Cll. More complete description is given in this Section under Detonation (and Explosion), Heats of... 

Density - Distance Relationship. Description of X-Ray technique for measuring the relationship between density of a detonating explosive and distance is given by T.K. Collins et al in Univ of Utah ERG Technical Report No 53 (1957), Contract No N7-onr-45107... 

Detonation, Atomic (or Nuclear). A brief description is given in Vol 1 of Encycl, p A501-R under Atomic Energy and additional information is given in this section under "Detonation, Nuclear ... 

Detonation (and Explosion, Danger in Chemical Plants. Vlad Sima gives in TechChem (Prague) 12(2), 66-69(1962) CA 61, 526(1964) examples of plant construction with description of inherent dangers of explosions... 

A good description of transition to detonation from combustion in gases is given by Zel dovich Kompaneets (Ref 17, pp... 

Detonation (and Explosion), Effects of Blast and Shock Wave on Structures. As this subject was not discussed in Vol 2 of Encycl, under "BLAST EFFECTS IN AIR, EARTH AND WATER , pp B180-L to B184-R, there is given here a brief description as taken from the book of Robinson (1944), where it is described in detail on pp 45-53... 

State" (See item a ). For a detailed description of LS equation, see Ref If Ref 10, p 194 Ref 12a, p 246 and Ref 12b, Chapter 14. Briefly the equation is based on the assumption that decomposition products formed on detonation are, because of their high density, not gases, but rather liquids whose particles are in a state of oscillation. This conditions the course of expansion of the decomposition products. L S replaced R of die Abel equation by a coefficient depending on the number of degrees of molecular freedom. We are not describing here the LS equation because the modification by Zel dovich Kompaneets seems to replace it (See next item... 

Berry Holt (Ref 8d, p 2) assumed poly-tropic equations of state for both an explosive gas and surrounding air n was taken as 3 thruout the expl gas, 1.2 in the disturbed air region, and 1.4 in the undisturbed air. They stated that the value 3 "is accepted for die description of the state of an explosive gas. .. near the detonation front, and leads to a simplification in the equations of motion (Quoted from Ref 10, p 184)... 

Detonation by Influence or Sympathetic Detonation Tests. Several tests are listed in Vol 1, p X and their description is given in this Section under "Detonation (and Explosion) by Influence ... 

Detonation (and Explosion) Pressure, Determination of. A brief description is given in Vol 1, p XX and a more complete description is in Vol 3, pp C330-L to C345-R under "Closed Bomb (or Vessel) and Instruments for Measuring Pressures Developed by Explosives and Propellants . See also some Refs under Detonation (and Explosion), Pressure of... 

Dunkle s Syllabus (1957-1958) Shock Tube Studies in Detonation (pp 123-25) Determination of Pressure Effect (144-45) Geometrical and Mechanical Influences (145-48) Statistical Effects of Sensitivity Discussion on Impact Sensitivity Evaluation (148-49) Pressure in the Detonation Head (175) Temperature of Detonation (176) Charge Density, Porosity, and Granulation (Factors Affecting the Detonation Process) (212-16) Heats of Explosion and Detonation (243-46) Pressures of Detonation (262-63) A brief description of Trauzl Block Test, Sand Test, Plate Dent Test, Fragmentation Test, Hess Test (Lead Block Crushing Test), Kast Test (Copper Cylinder Compression Test), Quinan. Test and Hop-kinson Pressure Bar Test (264-67) Detonation Calorimeters (277-78) Measurements... 

See at the end of description of Detonation (and Explosion), Initiation (Birth) and Pro-. pagation (Growth or Spread) in Explosive Substances... 

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