Determination of Trace Elements

Wang and Fang [3] determined arsenic in waste waters also by Fl-HGAAS with good recoveries and a detection limit of 0.1 pg A prereduction was made by boiling the sample with 10% K1 for 5 min to reduce arsenic (V to arsenic(III). 

Sperling et al.[4] determined arsenic(lll) and total arsenic in sea and lake waters by ETAAS, following on-line reduction and preconcentration of the DDC complex using a micro-colunm packed with C g sorbent, using a manifold modified on the basis of that shown in Fig. 4.11. A mixture of sodium sulphite, hydrochloric acid, sodium thio-sulphate and potassium iodide was used to achieve fast reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(IIl), and ethanol was used to elute the sorbed arsenic-DDC complex. The detection limits for As(ni) and As(ID+V) were 0.11 and 0.15 pg 1 respectively. 

Fang et al.[9] were able to obtain better recoveries (95%) for cadmium in sea water through on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration of the DDC complex on a C 8 colunm, also with flame AAS detection. The Nt value was 50 min , including enhancement 

Despite the improved sensitivity of the flame AAS methods with on-line column preconcentration, the detection limits achieved are still insufficient for most unpolluted water samples. Cadmium in such samples (CASS-1, CASS-2, NASS-2, SLRS-1, etc.) have been successfully determined using an ETAAS system with on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration similar to the one described in Sec. 8.8.3. A detection limit of 0.0008 /ig 1 Cd was achieved with almost complete removal of the interfering matrix of sea water samples [10]. 

Porta et al.(ll] silso developed an on-line column preconcentration method for the determination of cadmium and other trace metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, and Fe) in Antarctic sea water using ETAAS. A detection limit of 0.(KX)4 /ig 1 was achieved for cadmium. The APDC complexes of the trace metals were collected on a micro column packed with C 8 XAD-7 or XAD-2 sorbent and acetonitrile was used for elution. According to the authors, the main drawback of the method is at least two successive 80 //I elutions (with an intermediate evaporation in the furnace) are necessary to recover all the analytes from the column. 

Element Concentration Units North Pacific Surface Deep North Atlantic Surface Deep Distribution Type  

In contrast to the oceans, the processes controlling the concentration and distribution of trace elements in dynamic shelf and coastal zones are still poorly understood. This is because the near steady state processes in offshore regions tend to be strongly altered close to the continents. Such disturbances are due to more intense inputs (from rivers, atmosphere or sediment) and removal of elements (by biological uptake or sorption onto sedimentary particles), or due to water exchange processes. Larger data bases are needed to establish and interpret the variations in these dynamic environments, particularly the evaluation of sources and sinks. 

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DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN ALCOHOLIC DRINKS BY DIFFERENTIAL PULSE POLAROGRAPHY... 

DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY MAGNETIC SECTOR ICP-MS... 

Typical applications of such methods are the determination of trace elements in (a) the investigation of pollution problems (b) the examination of geological specimens (c) quality control in the manufacture of semiconductors. 

M Pinta, Detection and Determination of Trace Elements, Wiley, Chichester, 1974... 

A laboratory engaged in making a large number of determinations of trace elements in minerals has particularly urgent need for a rapid method of analysis, capable of fair accuracy ( 10%), and satisfactory for the determination of any accessible element in an unknown matrix. 

G.J. McCallum, Determination of Trace Elements by Activation Analysis With Charged Particles , JSci 12 (3), 470-5 (1969) CA 70, 97975 (1969) 52) Anon, Analysis of... 

In geochemistry, the introduction of RMs did not take place until 1951 but, once RM usage became a regular part of geochemical analysis, the consequences were not far short of amazing. For many years geochemical analysts had been concerned about the accuracy of their determinations of major elements in rocks, but it was the potential of emission spectrometry for the determination of trace elements which set off the production of the first rock Certified Reference Materials (CRMs),... 

Bogershausen W, Cicciarelli R, Gercken B, Konig E, Krivan V, Muller-Kaeer R, Pavel J. Seltner H, Schelcher J 1997) Pure graphite as a reference material for the determination of trace elements - an interlaboratory collaborative study. Fresenius J Anal Chem 357 266-273. 

Mee LD, Oregioni B, and Horvat M (1992) Worldwide and regional intercomparison exercise for the determination of trace elements in tuna fish homogenate sample IAEA-350. Report IAEA/AL/052, IAEA-MEL, Monaco. 

PszoNicKi L, and Hanna AN (1985) Report on Intercomparison lAEA/v-io of the Determination of Trace Elements in Hay Powder. Report IAEA/RL/123, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. 

Von Lehmden DJ, Jungers RH, and Lee Jr RE (1974) Determination of trace elements in coal, fly ash, fuel oil, and gasoline - a preliminary comparison of selected analytical techniques. 

IAEA (1985) [Muramai SU Y, Parr RM] Survey of currently available reference materials for use in connection with the determination of trace elements in biological and environmental materials. Report IAEA/RL/128, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 

Sevlimli, H., Bayulgen, N., and Varinlioglu, A. (1992). Determination of trace elements in honey by INAA in Turkey. /. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 165, 319-325. 

Green TH, Blundy JD, Adam J, Yaxley GM (2000) SIMS determination of trace element partition coefficients between garnet clinopyroxene and hydrous basaltic liquids at 2-7.5 GPa and 1080-1200°C. Lithos 53 165-187... 

Kelko-Levai, A., Varga, I., Zih-Perenyi, K., and Lasztity, A., Determination of trace elements in pharmaceutical substances by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and total reflection X-ray fluorescence after flow injection ion-exchange preconcentration, Spectrochim. Acta Pt. B, 54, 827, 1999. 

Pilon F, Lorthioir S, Birolleau J-C, et al. 1996. Determination of trace elements in radioactive and toxic materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom 11 759-763. 

Gas and liquid chromatography directly coupled with atomic spectrometry have been reviewed [178,179], as well as the determination of trace elements by chromatographic methods employing atomic plasma emission spectrometric detection [180]. Sutton et al. [181] have reviewed the use and applications of ICP-MS as a chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detector, whereas Niessen [182] has briefly reviewed the applications of mass spectrometry to hyphenated techniques. 

CPAA measures the characteristic decay radiation of the radionuclides produced by the incident charged particles. The technique has been widely applied in the determination of trace elements concentrations in bulk samples, but it also has possibilities for surface characterisation, provided the thickness of the layer to be characterised is less than the range of the charged particles employed. 

Venth K, Danzer K, Kudermann G, Blaufufi K-H (1996) Multisignal evaluation in IPC-MS. Determination of trace elements in Mo-Zr-alloys. Fresenius J Anal Chem 354 811... 

Thiel G, Geisler G, Blechschmidt I, Danzer K (2004) Determination of trace elements in wines and classification according to their provenance. Anal Bioanal Chem 378 1630... 

Iieser et al. [628] studied the application of neutron activation analysis to the determination of trace elements in seawater. The rare earths included in this study were cerium and europium. The element concerned were adsorbed onto charcoal. Between 75% and 100% of the elements were adsorbed onto the charcoal which was then subjected to analysis by neutron activation analysis. Cerium (300 p,g/l) and europium (0.00082 pg/1) were found in North Sea water by this method. 

Chong et al. [742] have described a multielement analysis of multicomponent metallic electrode deposits, based on scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection, followed by dissolution and ICP-MS detection. Application of the method is described for determination of trace elements in seawater, including the above elements. These elements are simultaneously electrodeposited onto a niobium-wire working electrode at -1.40 V relative to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and subjected to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Internal standardisation... 

The CL signal arises from the reaction of luminol with I2 produced by the latter reaction. Other reactions are also available including KIO3-KI [68], H202-KI [69], and H202-Na2S203 reactions [70] catalyzed by Mo(VI), among others. Similar reactions could also be used for the determination of trace vanadium(V) ions [71, 72], The developed methods were applied to the determination of trace elements in natural waters and other matrices with detection limits below the ng/mL levels for traces of molybdenum and vanadium. 

In recent years, a series of luminol-based CL methods were developed for the determination of trace elements on a solid surface. 

Julshamn, K. and O.R. Braekkan. 1975. Determination of trace elements in fish tissues by the standard addition method. Atom. Absorp. Newsl. 14 49-52. 

Wang, W.X., N.S. Fisher, and S.N. Luoma. 1996. Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 140 91-113. 

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