Determination of Total Tin

A method for sample preparation allows determination of total tin and tributyltin ions in biological materials. End analysis by ETAAS, using a tungstate-treated graphite tube, allows LOD for tributyltin Sn of 0.4 ng/g79. An alternative method for sea water uses in situ concentration of Sn hydrides on a zirconium-coated graphite tube, followed by ETAAS absolute LOD 20 and 14 pg for tributyltin ion and total Sn, respectively, with corresponding RSD of 5.6 and 3.4%80. 

L. Perring and M. Basic-Dvorzak, Determination of Total Tin in Canned Food Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002,374, 235. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Sensitive and selective methods are available for the detection and quantitative measurement of tin after the sample matrix in which it is contained has been properly treated. Atomic spectrometric techniques provide methods for the determination of tin that have low detection limits, are highly specific, and are readily available (Angererand Schaller 1988 AOAC 1984b Kneip and Crable 1988 NIOSH 1984a). Methods for the determination of specific compounds that contain tin are more difficult and less well developed than are methods for the determination of total tin, but this is an important concern because of the widespread use of organotin compounds as preservatives in industry and in other applications. 

Perring, L., Basic-Dvorzak, M. Determination of total tin in canned food using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374, 235-243 (2002)... 

Sturgeon RE, McLaren JW, Willie SN, Beau-CHEMIN Dand Berman SS (1987) Determination of total tin in National Research Council of Canada reference materials. Can J Chem 65 961—964. 

Yoshinaga, J., Nakama, A., andTakata, K. (1999). Determination of total tin in sediment refe erence materials by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after alkali fusion. Analyst (London) 124(3), 257. 

Such is the difference in the toxicities of the tin species found in the environment, it is of utmost importance to carry out speciation studies rather than to simply determine the total tin content in any sample. Quantitative methods of determination are available for very low concentrations (at ppb and below). 

Currently, many routine testing laboratories still determine only total tin concentrations in samples. This analysis typically involves complete digestion of the sample in a mixed acid media or alkali fusion of the material. Alkali fusion with compounds such as... 

This digestion was developed for elemental analysis of plant tissue by means of spectrometric methods (Flame-AES, Flame-AAS, ETA-AAS, ICP-OES, or ICP-MS) only. It can be applied for the determination of total aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), sulphur (S), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) in plant material. 

Tin plate, thickness of tin coating on, determination by x-ray spectrography, 148, 149, 157, 158 Tissues, determination of dry weight by absorptiometry, 297-300 Tissue sections, biological, determination of mineral elements in, 301-305 Titanium, as internal standard in vanadium determination, 188 determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 222, 329 trace analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 163, 225-229 Topaz, as analyzing crystal, 116-118, 220, 318-327 Total reflection, 112, 117... 

Yamamoto et al. [33] applied this technique to the determination of arsenic (III), arsenic (V), antimony (III), and antimony (V) in Hiroshima Bay Water. These workers used a HGA-A spectrometric method with hydrogen-nitrogen flame using sodium borohydride solution as a reductant. For the determination of arsenic (III) and antimony (III) most of the elements, other than silver (I), copper (II), tin (II), selenium (IV), and tellurium (IV), do not interfere in at least 30 000-fold excess with respect to arsenic (III) or antimony (III). This method was applied to the determination of these species in sea water and it was found that a sample size of only 100 ml is enough to determine them with a precision of 1.5-2.5%. Analytical results for surface sea water of Hiroshima Bay were 0.72 xg/l, 0.27 xg/l, and 0.22 xg/l, for arsenic (total), arsenic (III), and antimony (total), respectively, but antimony (III) was not detected. The effect of acidification on storage was also examined. 

This technique has been applied to the determination of arsenic, selenium, organocompounds of arsenic, mercury and tin in soils, carbohydrates, total sulphur, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and organocompounds of mercury, tin and silicon in non-saline sediments, arsenic, bismuth, selenium or organotin compounds in saline sediments and arsenic and selenium in sludges. 

A standard UK procedure discusses the determination of organic, inorganic and total tin in sludges and sediments [103]. 

When the reaction between supported SnBu4 and Pt, Ni and Cu catalysts is studied at 363 K in excess of SnBu4, the reaction reaches a plateau in the Sn/M ratio, that is, in the quantity of tin that can be fixed. Above this ratio, the reaction stops. In addition, it is possible to determine the total quantity of butane evolved per mol of SnBu4 reacted during each experiment BuH/SnBuJ... 

Total tin was determined by continuous on-line hydride generation followed by direct current plasma emission spectroscopy. Interfacing the hydride generation-DC plasma emission spectrometric system with high performance liquid chromatography allowed the determination of tin species. Detection limits, sensitivities and calibration plots were determined. 

The element is extractable from strong hydrochloric acid solutions into 4-methylpentan-2-one. This approach may be applied to the analysis of plant material, if the ash is extracted with the strong hydrochloric acid required.35 Kim et al.36 masked iron(m) by reduction to iron(n) with tin(n) chloride before extracting molybdenum as its thiocyanate complex with Aliquat 336 into chloroform. The latter was evaporated, and the residue extracted with 4-methylpentan-2-one prior to determination of molybdenum by AAS. The procedure was applied to soils, sediments, and natural waters. In fertilizer analysis, the thiocyanate complex of molybdenum has been extracted, after reduction of iron with tin(n) chloride, into 3-methylbutan-l-ol, and the latter extract analysed directly.37 In another thiocyanate-based procedure, total molybdenum from soils and geological materials was extracted into 4-methyl-pentan-2-one.38... 

The disadvantage is the inadequacy of the muffin-tin approximation for systems with low symmetry or open structure, which renders the determination of orbital energies and total binding energies unreliable. In the following section we shall describe an improved method which relaxes the muffin-tin approximation and is potentially valuable in adsorbate structure determination. 

You are given the element tin (Sn). Consult the periodic table to determine the total number of electrons an atom of tin has. Write out tin s electron configuration and determine the number of valence electrons it has. Then use the number of valence electrons and the rules for electron-dot structures to draw the electron-dot structure for tin. 

---