Determination of relationship between

Restoring of SD of parameters of stress field is based on the effect of acoustoelasticity. Its fundamental problem is determination of relationship between US wave parameters and components of stresses. To use in practice acoustoelasticity for SDS diagnosing, it is designed matrix theory [Bobrenco, 1991]. For the description of the elastic waves spreading in the medium it uses matrices of velocity v of US waves spreading, absolute A and relative... 

Process Characterization— The determining of relationships between process parameters and process outputs or product characteristics. 

The importance of catalysis in chemical technology provides a strong motivation for determination of relationships between catalytic activity and catalyst structure at the atomic scale. Spectroscopic techniques for characterization of catalysts in the working state are powerful, because they provide fundamental information about catalyst structures, including surface structures, under the appropriate conditions (Burch, 1991 Clausen et al., 1998 Dumesic and Topsoe, 1977 Hunger and Weitkamp, 2001 Niemantsverdriet, 1993 Somorjai, 1999 Thomas and Somorjai, 1999 Thomas, 1980 Topsoe, 2000 Weckhuysen, 2002). Such characterizations have permitted major advances in catalysis, as they can be the basis for the design or discovery of new catalysts. 

According to the above, the solution of adsorption problems requires proper carbons and quick and simple methods of testing. Model studies of dynamic adsorption [48,49] should be carried out on carbons of different physicochemical properties in the presence of different pollutants and in various conditions of adsorption. Thorough consideration may giye adsorption models usable in the design of adsorptive filters. Determination of relationships between small and great scale of process allows to limit pilot studies to proper carbons and important work parameters of adsorptive beds. 

In the case of operational qualification (OQ) exercises like (1) determination of relationship between irradiation time and dose, (2) measurement of dose distribution in reference material, (3) measurement of effects of process interruption, and (4) measurement of beam characteristics have to be performed. 

All these phenomena can be termed micro-degasification process, therefore, a great attention was directed towards determination of relationship between the kinetic energy of the striker bar (E) and the amount of methane desorbed immediately after the impact (Vt). 

The American Chemical Society s Committee on Environmental Improvement defines standardization as the process of determining the relationship between the measured signal and the amount of analyte. A method is considered standardized when the value of k in equation 5.1 or 5.2 is known. 

The importance of determining a relationship between the magnitude of the exposure and the frequency of occurrence of a toxic effect is considered in detail below. 

Exposure to estrogenic compounds through diet will differ for herbivores and carnivores, the latter being most likely to encounter endogenous steroids in their prey. Efficient uptake of steroids in mammals is illustrated by the use of the contraceptive pill, but routes of absorption in invertebrates remain to be determined. The relationship between endocrine disruption and metabolic toxicity, with reduced reproductive viability a secondary consequence of metabolic disturbance, also merits further study in invertebrate species. 

Equation (2.56) can be integrated to provide a means of determining the relationship between pressure and particle velocity for continuous flow... 

The numerical values of the terms a and p are defined by specifying the ionization of benzoic acids as the standard reaction to which the reaction constant p = 1 is assigned. The substituent constant, a, can then be determined for a series of substituent groups by measurement of the acid dissociation constant of the substituted benzoic acids. The a values so defined are used in the correlation of other reaction series, and the p values of the reactions are thus determined. The relationship between Eqs. (4.12) and (4.14) is evident when the Hammett equation is expressed in terms of fiee energy. For the standard reaction, o%K/Kq = ap. Thus,... 

Filter cake resistance (Rq) is the resistance to filtrate flow per unit area of filtration. R increases with increasing cake thickness during filtration. At any instant, Rc depends on the mass of solids deposited on the filter plate as a result of the passage of V (m ) filtrate. Rf may be assumed a constant. To determine the relationship between volume and residence time t. Equation 5 must be integrated, which means that Rc must be expressed in terms of V. 

Emissive Power. Pape et al. (1988) used data of Hasegawa and Sato (1977) to determine a relationship between emissive power and vapor pressure at time of release. For fireballs from fuel masses up to 6.2 kg released at vapor pressures to 20 atm, the average surface-emissive power E can be approximated by... 

In the same period, James Prescott Joule, son of a Manchester brewery owner, had been carrying out a series of experiments to determine the relationship between work done and heat produced. In the wake of Michael Faraday s electrical researches, electromagnetic engines appeared as a possible future rival... 

The friction factor depends on the Reynolds number and the surface conditions of the pipe. There are numerous charts and equations for determining the relationship between the friction factor and Reynolds number. The friction factor can be calculated by [63]... 

In terms of energetics, soil water is classified into several categories [134] gravitational (pF < 2), hygroscopic (pF > 4.2-4.5), and capillary (2 < pF < 4.2), where the potential is expressed as pF = lg (n, cm H20). The curves of the water-holding capacity as functions of pF(w) which are the basic hydrophysical characteristic of certain soils determine the relationship between these main kinds of water various types of these curves are available from the literature [135]. 

Equation 3.152 provides a method of determining the relationship between pressure gradient and mean velocity of flow in a pipe for fluids whose rheological properties may be expressed in the form of an explicit relation for shear rate as a function of shear stress. 

For any finite value of the parameters r L and Pcl, it is seen that the dimensionless length of the liquid domain cannot be equal to 0 and 1, since the term K2 and the parameter Ja are positive. To determine a relationship between the parameters corresponding to the stable flow in the case Pcl 1, Eq. (9.63) should be solved to... 

As more information is obtained about the relationship of temperature levels and the HS response, further analysis is needed to determine the relationship between inducing the HS response in one part of the body and other organ systems. Insight... 

Modification techniques for activated carhon were used to increase the removal capacity by surface adsorption and to improve the selectivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Modified activated carbons (MACs) were prepared by modifying the purified activated carbon with various acids or bases. The effects of adsorption capacity and modified contents on the textural properties of the MACs were investigated. Furthermore, VOC adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between the adsorption capacity and the chemical properties of the adsorbents. High adsorption capacity for the selected VOCs was obtained over lwt%-H3P04/AC (lwt%-PA/AC). As a result, MAC was found to be very effective for VOC removal by adsorption with the potential for repeated use through desorption by simple heat treatment. 

The last step in the preceding argument, the use of our knowledge about flowshop scheduling, turns what had been a mainly syntactic criterion over the tree structure of the example, into a criterion based on state variables of (jc, y). The state variable values, the completion times of the various flowshop machines, are accessible before the subtrees beneath jc and y have been generated. Indeed, they determine the relationships between the respective elements of the subtrees (jcm, yu). If we can formalize the process of showing that the pair (jc, y) identified with our syntactic criterion, satisfies the eonditions for equivalence or dominance, wc will in the process have generated a new equivalence rule. 

The optimum time between shut-downs can be found by determining the relationship between cycle time and cost per unit of production (the objective function) and using one of the optimisation techniques outlined in this section to find the minimum. 

An important parameter of the one-compartment model is the apparent volume of the body compartment, because it directly determines the relationship between the plasma concentration and the amount of... 

Before an equation of state can be applied to calculate vapor-liquid equilibrium, the fugacity coefficient < />, for each phase needs to be determined. The relationship between the fugacity coefficient and the volumetric properties can be written as ... 

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