Detergents, additives enzymes

It is sometimes possible to add properties in Hquid formulations that provide additional functions. Examples in development or in commercial use as of 1993 include microencapsulation (qv) of enzymes for protection against bleach when dispersed in a Hquid detergent addition of certain polymers to protect the enzyme after it has been added to Hquid detergents (32), or to boost activity in the final appHcation addition of surfactants or wetting agents. 

For nse in a detergent an enzyme mnst suffice the following criteria. In the first place it mnst have an adeqnate activity and stability at alkaline pH. It must also remain active and stable in a broad temperatme interval (e.g. 10-60°C). For domestic use the trend is to low temperatures (see 3.3.7 In-depth intermezzo). Additionally an enzyme should be resistant to hydrolysis and oxidation by other snbstances in the detergent, e.g. proteases. For enzymes with lanndry-softeiung properties two additional criteria apply, i.e. the enzyme must show a high fiber separation and at the same time not impair the fibers. Developments aim to further satisfy these criteria. 

In addition to the very large role that enzymes play in life processes and medicine and in industrial fermentation and related processes, enzymes are finding a growing role in industrial products, such as detergents, where enzymes tend to break down proteins to water-soluble proteoses nr peptones. Enzymes for such use must remain active at relatively high pH values (8.5 to 9.5) and remain stable for a long product shelf life. See also Detergents. 

Amino acid analyses of the two forms are shown in Table VII. They differ from one another by 100 residues, or about 11,000 in molecular weight. The amino acid content of the hydrophobic domain has been calculated by difference, and the composition is dominated by apolar amino acids 74). Treatment of the detergent-extracted enzyme with chymo-trypsin results in a soluble form of the protein its amino acid content is very similar to that of the lysosomal form 74). The spectra of the lysosomal-extracted and the detergent-extracted reductase are Identical in the visible and near-ultraviolet, the extinction coefficient at 461 nm being 10.6 mM cm h Differences between these spectra in the 260-280-nm region are accounted for by the additional tryptophan and tyrosine residues the approximate extinction coefficients at the ultra-... 

Amino acid production by fermentation started around 1960 in Japan. Initially glutamic acid was the main product. It was sold as sodium salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer on oriental cuisine. Other amino acids soon followed. They are used in food and feed to increase the efficiency of low protein substrates. Microbiologically produced enzymes were introduced around 1970. They are used in grain processing, sugar production, fruit juice clarification, and as detergent additives (Table 9.1). 

Enzymes Amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, lab Food processing, tanning, detergents additives... 

To be useful as a detergent additive, an enzyme must be compatible with existing laundry practices while simultaneously boosting soil-removal performance. The criterion of enhancing performance is often easily met, as most stains and soils are biological in nature, and enzymes have evolved to break down all kinds of biological materials, including the proteins, starches, and oils that are common laundry soils. There are some problems, however, in that many stains are... 

Enzymes have become integral components of most liquid detergent compositions as they continue to play an increasing role in the stain removal process. This has come about due to many recent advances in enzyme technology and has resulted in more efficient and effective strains. The ability of these enzymes to target specific classes of stains can provide the formulator with the flexibility to tailor the development of products for consumers with different requirements and preferences. In addition, enzymes are especially effective when the liquid detergent is used as a prespotter. 

Since the presence of the cytochrome complex was implied in the process of kinase activation it was of interest to test whether the fraction containing both the cytochrome and the kinase activity is affected by addition of reductants or oxydants known to activate or inhibit the thylakoid bound kinase. To this aim the kinase enriched fractions were reconstituted into asolectin liposomes and histone phosphorylation was tested. The kinase specific activity increased 2-3 fold when reconstituted into liposomes as compared to that of the detergent solubilized enzyme (data not shown). The activity of the reconstituted enzyme obtained by isolation in the presence of MEGA-9 and thus containing the cytochrome complex, increased significantly when assayed in presence of duroquinol Fig, 4). The enzyme purified in the presence of CHAPS had a higher basal activity but was not stimulated by... 

The second major class of surfactants used in detergents currently is nonionic surfactants. Nonionic surfactants have a number of advantages over anionic surfactants. Nonionic surfactants tend to be more hardness tolerant than anionic surfactants, and to have increased oily soil detergency. Additionally, nonionic surfactants are more compatible with enzymes than are anionic surfactants. 

Enzyme binder resins Virus binder resins Polyampholytic virus collector Hormone carrier Enzyme binder resins, detergent additive... 

Phospholipases Ai are widely distributed in Nature. In addition, some triacylglycerol lipases will also hydrolyse the sn- position of phospholipids. Usually, phospholipases Ai have a broad specificity and act well on lysophospholipids. The first example to be purified was from E, coli, which actually has two separate enzymes - a detergent-resistant enzyme in the outer membrane and a detergent-sensitive enzyme in the cytoplasmic membrane and soluble fractions. 

To date (ca 1996) many potentially usefiil sucrose derivatives have been synthesized. However, the economics and complexities of sucrochemical syntheses and the avadabiLity of cheaper substitutes have limited their acceptance hence, only a few of them are in commercial use. A change in the price and availability of petroleum feedstocks could reverse this trend. Additional impetus may come from regioselective, site-specific modifications of sucrose to produce derivatives to facilitate and improve the economics of sucrochemical syntheses. For example, the microbe yigwbacterium tumifaciens selectively oxidizes sucrose to a three-keto derivative, a precursor of alkylated sucroses for detergent use (50). Similarly, enzymes have been used for selective synthesis of specific sucrose derivatives (21). 

---